Biomedical Informatics Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Biomedical Informatics - Thesis Example his study that it is sometimes necessary for more important information, such as a chest X-rays, physical examination, and health and occupational histories, to be made available in order to make a diagnosis. Lung diffusion capacity testing (DLCO) is a noninvasive test which is used to measure the movement of gases (most specifically oxygen) through the lung into the bloodstream. The single breath diffusing capacity test is the most common way to determine DLCO, whereby the subject is required to blow out as much air as he or she can so that only the residual gas is left in the lungs. Moreover, the subject is requested to take a deep breath in order to completely fill up the lungs. The subject is then requested to hold his or her breath for a very short period of time. The subject is then finally requested to exhale. The analysis of the gas that has been blown out will then be carried out in order to determine how much went into the bloodstream through the lungs (De Boer, 2010). 23 Pulmonary function tests (abbreviated PFT), which are also known as lung functions tests, are tests which are used so as to provide measures of gas exchange, lung volumes, flow rates, and respiratory muscle function. These tests determines the quantity of air that the lungs can hold, how fast air can possibly be moved in and out of the lungs, as well as the lungs’ ability to add oxygen and remove of carbon dioxide into and from the blood respectively. According to Goldman (2005) and De Boer (2010) the pulmonary function tests have the ability to diagnose diseases of the lungs, to measure how sever the lung problems are, and to monitor the treatment of the lung diseases. Since the spirometer was first developed in 1846 by Hutchinson, measurements of the dynamic volumes of the lung as well as of maximal flow rates have been employed to detect and quantify the diseases which affect the airways and lung parenchyma (White, 2004). The lung function may be determined by the use of tests

DNS servers Essay Example for Free

DNS servers Essay Name resolution requests, such as navigating in studentserver. college. edu, can be initiated by both DNS clients and DNS servers. There are two ways to resolve queries in the FQDN: recursive (where the DNS client requires the DNS server to respond with the IP address of the request or an error message that the requested name does not exist) and iterative (which uses zone information and its cache to return the best possible answer to the client and can be referred to another DNS server). The process of resolving DNS to resolve the FQDN involves: 1. sending a recursive query to the local DNS server; 2. checking its local cache to determine whether the name has recently been resolved. If there is an entry in the local cache, the IP address is returned to the client before forwarding the request to a root server; 3. sending an iterative query to a root name server if no entry exists in the cache for a hostname; 4. the root name server referring the DNS server to a name server responsible for the first-level domain within the hostname; 5. referring the original DNS server to second-level DNS servers, and then third-level DNS servers, until one of them can resolve the hostname to an IP address and return the results back to the client. For DNS forwarders, the following process is followed: 1. The DNS server attempts to resolve the request using its local cache and zone information 2. If it can’t be resolved locally, the DNS server sends a recursive query to the forwarding DNS server 3. If the forwarder does not respond in its attempt to resolve the query, the DNS server attempts to resolve the request by contacting the appropriate DNS server, as specified in the root hints.

ASP :: Essays Papers

ASP AUDIENCE: Beginning programmers or web developers. TITLE: ASP INTRODUCTION: ASP or Active Server Pages is a powerful server-based technology from Microsoft, designed to create dynamic and interactive HTML pages for World Wide Web sites. ASP is used to create dynamic or active web pages. Dynamic web pages may change depending on who visits the page, when they visit, or how they got there. Whereas a static web page will always be the same no matter what. The following report will explain what ASP is, discuss how ASP works, outline why ASP should be used ASP, and provide a brief overview of ASP syntax. This topic was chosen to educate myself about where ASP came from and why it is used and to pass what I have learned on to any one willing to read this report. DISCUSSION: What is ASP ASP was â€Å"born† in November 1996 when Microsoft announced its design of an Active Platform. It consists of two parts, the Active Desktop and the Active Server. The Active Desktop refers to the client side: where HTML files are displayed on a web browser. The Active Server refers to the server-side component. This consists of pages that can be interpreted by the server, hence the term Active Server Pages. An ASP file contains any combination of text, HTML tags, and script commands. A script command instructs a computer to do something, such as assign a value to a variable. The script commands in an ASP file are compiled on the server then the output is sent to the client computer for display. The actual ASP code or script commands in an ASP file are not sent to the client computer. The code is first executed on the server, creating HTML. This HTML then replaces the ASP code in the ASP file and then sent to the client to be displayed. ASP code can be any programming language that supports the ActiveX interface including JScript, VBScript, and PerlScript. As people know Microsoft has a tendency to make people use their products. But in the case of ASP people don’t have to. ASP has evolved into an â€Å"open technology framework† meaning it is no necessary to use Microsoft’s products to create code in it, although that’s the best way to go. You don’t have to use VBScript, which is from Microsoft, but PerkScript or JScript can be use, which aren’t from Microsoft.

The Use of Massage Therapy in the Treatment of Anxiety Essay examples -

The Use of Massage Therapy in the Treatment of Anxiety According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition Text Revision (DSM IV-TR) (APA, 2000), Anxiety Disorders can manifest in a number of different ways including Panic Attacks, Phobias, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety. Common threads of symptoms among these disorders include heighted autonomic response, shortness of breath, excessive worry, and of course anxiety. The treatment of Anxiety disorders has included Cognitive Behavior Therapy (Saavedra, Silverman, Morgan-Lopez, & Kurtines, 2010; White, Ollendick, Scahill, Oswald, & Albano, 2009), Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (Wilde, 2008), and Pharmacological treatments such as benzodiazepines (Sher, 2009). Based on empirical support, many consider these treatments to be the first line of treatment of anxiety related disorders. However, there is a growing line of research of effectiveness of alternative treatments such as Massage Therapy (MT). The following is a brief review of the history of MT, an investigation of the physiology of how or why MT works, and finally an examination of the application of various Massage Therapies in the treatment of Anxiety Disorders. Brief History of Massage Therapy The application of massage to promote comfort and healing is not a new concept. According to Moyer, Rounds, and Hannum (2004) the practice of MT is traceable back to Ancient Greek and Chinese cultures, as well as Hindu, Japanese and Roman cultures. As early as 400 BC, Hippocrates used rubbing to treat patience with stiffness and even earlier still; the use of MT is recorded in the Chinese tradition as early as the second century (Field, 1998). Although considered a part of... ...ines and the treatment of anxiety disorders in patients with comorbid alcohol and/or drug abuse. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 42(2), 170–171. Sherman, K. J., Ludman, E. J., Cook, A. J., Hawkes, R. J., Roy-Byrne, P. P., Bentley, S., Brooks, M. Z., et al. (2010). Effectiveness of therapeutic massage for generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Depression and Anxiety, 27(5), 441–450. White, S. W., Ollendick, T., Scahill, L., Oswald, D., & Albano, A. M. (2009). Preliminary efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral treatment program for anxious youth with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(12), 1652–1662. doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0801-9 Wilde, J. (2008). Rational-emotive behavioral interventions for children with anxiety problems. Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies, 8(1), 133–141.

Religious Change Over Time in Latin America and Caribbean Essay

Throughout the years of 1450 to present, the religion of Latin America and the Caribbean went through a number of changes. Although the religious beliefs and practices of these areas were mostly animistic prior to 1450, they proved to be flexible and went through many alterations get to where they are today. Prior to the arrival of the Spanish Conquistadors, the Latin American people had never heard of Catholocism, which would eventually become a dominant religion. In the early centuries of Latin America, the religion was polytheistic. The people known as Aztecs, who lived in towns located along rivers, built sacred temples to honor their many gods. They worshiped at least 128 deities in total, including Tlaloc, the god of rain. Little distinction was made between the world of the gods and the natural world. The temples, some of which still stand today, were made of earth and/or large burial mounds. The burials included art such as pottery, paintings, and carvings and were often accompanied by rituals. These rituals contained human sacrifice, cannibalism, and executions. In the period after militarism, human sacrifice became much more prominent than before. It has been questioned whether the reason for the sacrifice was actually the result of religious conviction, or simply done as a tactic of terror towards rulers and priests. Aztec people had known nothing other than this lifestyle for centuries until a new culture made its way to their land. In 1492, Spanish Conquistadors such as Hernan Cortes sailed to the coast of Latin America, bringing their religious views along with them. Cortes and his army of 600 conquered the land, destroying precious temples in the process. They pulled down all the polytheistic idols, rearranging their stone to replace them with Christian architecture such as Catholic cathedrals. In this time period, art and architecture were prominent and intended to serve the glory of God. Dominican friar Bartolome de Las Casas replaced the Aztec’s long-practiced human sacrifice with Catholic mass. In addition to the conquistadors, there was another group called the Jesuits who sought new followers of their religion. The Jesuits offered special privileges to those who converted to Catholicism, while the Spanish convinced the people that their Catholic God would provide protection from diseases and harm. Although the majority of the people were won over by Catholicism, some chose to remain isolated and continued to practice polytheism. Regardless, all Aztec people remained devoted to their religion. Meanwhile in the Caribbean, Spanish and Italian merchants began to import African slaves to work on the few sugar plantations that operated on the islands. These slaves brought a mixture of religious beliefs along with them, their own pagan views mixing with Christianity. In both present day Latin America and Caribbean, Catholicism is the dominant religion. In modern day Caribbean, the small non- Catholic population consists of various forms of Christianity that were formed with the arrival of African slaves. One of these other religions is Rastafarianism. This is a form of Christianity with a distinct Caribbean style. It uses the Bible as its main text, but interprets it much differently than the more traditional Christian sects. On the other hand, the Latin American non-Catholic population consists of a small group of people who were not converted by the Conquistadors and chose to remain animistic. Throughout all the changing, some Latin Americans have had the same animistic beliefs despite what’s been going on around them. The Latin American people always have and always will be devoted to their religion, as we can tell by the great pyramids mounds they built that are still standing today. Prior to 1450, religious beliefs and practices in Latin America were polytheistic and included human sacrifice. When the Spanish Conquistadors and Jesuits came to the area, Catholicism was introduced and began to spread rapidly. Now, in present day Latin America and Caribbean, it is impossible to avoid Catholicism. It has become the major, dominant religion of the area and its followers are as devoted as ever. In addition to the large Catholic population, there continues to be a mixture of religions and practices of polytheism and voodoo throughout the area. Societies change for a number of reasons, one being foreign influence. If it wasn’t for the missionaries coming into the Latin American and Caribbean society, the people would most likely have remained polytheistic forever, because there would be nothing new introduced. For these reasons, religion in Latin America and Caribbean has changed drastically from its early years, while also staying the same in some ways.

Discussion Leader Summation

Discussion Leader Summation Discussion Leader Summation The discussions for Unit 4 dealt mainly with the issues facing women as part of the peer review process and as candidates for the Nobel Prize. In all there were eight discussion threads and one Voicethread involving different aspects of these two issues. While much of the discussions were personal opinions and examples, many students were given an opportunity to voice their concerns about the current systems and possible ways of changing them to more equally recognize women scientists for their achievements. A key focus of this units discussion involved the practices of the Swedish MRC and competency scoring for men versus women. Overall, the vast majority of students did not think that the current system of evaluating women in peer review was fair. Interestingly, although there was consensus about the systems capacity for unfairness towards women, an overwhelming majority of students, especially female students, noted that they personally would not be discouraged by the current system. Perhaps this is a testament to the personal character of the students, but there was no denying that the current system presents an unleveled playing field in which women are forced to make up for their gender in other parameters of the peer review process. As a discussion leader, I noticed in several posts that many students were concerned that the system would never be perfect because it was administered by human beings. I took that opportunity to introduce the idea of revamping the system to focus more on complex computer programs for generating the applicants scores. There was a little feedback on this notion. The complexity of the programs algorithms as well as the capacity of a program to produce qualitative analysis served as primary shortfalls of the proposed computer review system. While students entertained the idea of totally revamping the current system, most students agreed that a possible solution to the problem could be to allow for more anonymity for the applicant in the review process. The second major focus of this units discussion involved the Nobel Prize and the lack of recognition of women for scientific achievement. Several questions were asked of the students including why they thought fewer women were receiving the Nobel Prize, if the time-gap issue denied due credit for scientific achievement, and how the students would confront such a time-gap between achievement and recognition. Although there were many individual answers to these questions, I saw trends in the answers. Most students pointed to History to answer the first question. While they acknowledged that women were not receiving due credit for their scientific achievements, many students showed optimism that history and culture are changing in a way that more women will be awarded the Nobel Prize in the future. The trend also showed that many students did not believe that the time between achievement and recognition took away from the accomplishments of the women scientists. When each student was as ked how they would confront the time-gap issue, the interesting aspect I noticed was that many of the answers were similar with respect to promoting awareness, but the answers varied with degree of passion and emphasis. In conclusion, I believe the discussions went very well. All of the students were courteous, thoughtful, and respectful of each others opinions. While I believe that a general awareness of the bias present in both the peer review process and Nobel Prize system has been made, more analysis in terms of solutions to the problems will undoubtedly need to be addressed in the future. For now, bravo to Group A for the willingness to discuss a true problem that faces todays women of science.

real estate valuation Essay Example

real estate valuation Essay Example real estate valuation Essay real estate valuation Essay REAL ESTATE EVALUATION Concepts and definitions 1 . Real estate market Real estate market plays a determinative role in every countrys economy since it is the most important asset in every citizens portfolio. Although real estate represents only a small percentage of G. D. P. , it supports the economy and significantly affects macroeconomic indexes such us consumption and investment. 1 . 1 Characteristics of the real estate market Real estate is considered to be a very heterogeneous product with the following characteristics: l. High costs and low transaction number. II. The supply curve reacts very slowly in comparison with the demand curve due to many reasons such as: land insufficiency, constructing period, license issue. Ill. The options of financing vary from country to country. IV. The tax policy has huge effect on the market. V. In countries with high rate of owner occupancy the market moves in a slow pace. 2. Concepts and definitions 2. 1 Real Estate Real estate is Property consisting of land and the buildings on it, along with its natural resources such as crops, minerals or water, immovable property of this ature or an interest vested in this. . 2 Real Estate valuation (or appraisal) The act of estimating the value of real estate by a person licensed to do so. A person performing an appraisal must receive authorization from the appropriate body of the state in which he/she resides. A real estate appraisal may take into account the quality of the property, values of surrounding properties, and market conditions in the area. It is important f or determining the property taxes for which the owner is liable, as well as a potential sale price, if the owner wishes to sell his/her property. 3Fair value Fair value is the value of an asset or liability in an arms length transaction between unrelated, willing and knowledgeable parties. 2. 4Market value Market value is the price at which an asset would trade in a competitive auction setting. 2. 5Highest and best use In order for a property to get successfully valuated, its optimal use is taken for granted. By optimal use we mean the best possible way that a property could be exploited, which results in the most profitable outcome. 3. Valuation methods There are 3 basic approaches to the issue of real estate appraisal: the sales comparison approach, the cost approach and the income capitalization approach. In addition to these, there are several more methods. Deciding which one to use must be an accurate procedure. The method should be in accordance with the propertys nature and potential. 3. 1 Basic methods for real estate valuation The most basic methods used for evaluation of real estate are as follows: 1 . Market or sales comparison approach. (competitive market anslysis) 2. Cost approach. 3. Income capitalization approach.

Fidelios Initial Response Essay Example

Fidelios Initial Response Essay Example Fidelios Initial Response Essay Fidelios Initial Response Essay Fidelio, Beethovens only opera, is difficult to analyze in the Reception Theory due mainly to the fact that it was released on three separate occasions, changing drastically each time. Its difficult to really understand the general audiences reception to Fidelio, unless analyzing each release separately due to the differences in each piece respectively. Regardless of which form of Fidelio youre discussing, it has become common knowledge that the final version, released in 1814, became widely regarded as an operatic masterpiece over the years. The goal of this paper is to review the general publics response to each of the revised pieces, and attempt to determine when exactly the final work grew to be hailed as a masterpiece. Beethoven took his time over a span of years looking through libretto after libretto to write what he thought would be the greatest opera of the time. Though that sounds a bit arrogant, he was Beethoven; the greatest composer of western music to date, and that was his goal. Finally he stumbled across a libretto inspired by the French technique, which intrigued him, and he jumped at the opportunity. : By November of 1805, the initial version of what was called at the time Leonora, was ready to be premiered. A key fact to the reception of this piece however lies in history. In late October 1805, Napoleons armies were bearing down on Vienna (Brener 27). By the 30th they had entered Salzburg, leading to the flea of most persons of wealth and nobility (27). These people were who would have normally made up the audience at a premier such as Beethovens first and last opera. So it was under these horrendous circumstances that Fidelio was performed at the Theatre an der Wien (28). The usual audience had either fled or was unable to reach the theater as the city had been closed to the suburbs (28). The initial version of the opera was a very long, drawn out piece, consisting of three acts. Needless to say under the circumstances the first performance was not acclaimed by either the reviewers or the audiences. After three performances Beethoven withdrew the opera in disgust, for further review (28). It is safe to say the initial result was what no one expected as it was ridiculed by audiences and critics alike. After the initial catastrophe, Beethoven went back to work importing a new librettist, shortening the work, and changing some music as well. By 1806 it was ready to be premiered again, and this time to the usual audience. The performance was extremely anticipated, however again failed in the eyes of the critics; however more importantly to Beethoven was the opinion of the audiences. The audience adored the re-release. The great Hector Berlioz states: Some time afterwards, however, it reappeared; modified in several ways, both as to music and text; and furnished with a new overture. This second trial was a complete success; and Beethoven, loudly recalled by the audience, was brought upon the stage after the first act, and again after the second act; the finale of which produced an enthusiasm hitherto unknown at Vienna. The score of Fidelio was, however, none the less subject to varying degrees of bitter criticism (132). Although the second release of Fidelio was certainly better received than the first, and to the correct audience, Berlioz goes on to say, The fact is that, of these three scores, the first is extremely weak; the second scarcely a work of talent; and the third a masterpiece of genius (133). This statement exemplifies the bulk of Reception Theory research found today. Though the second version of Fidelio was rather widely acclaimed and began to play all over Europe at different theatre companies, it was not until the third and final version, released in 1814, that Fidelio could be called an operatic masterpiece for the ages. Many years and many works after the release of the second version of Fidelio, with yet another librettist and more changes including the addition of an overture, the final version of Fidelio premiered on 23 May 1814. This form and performance catapulted Fidelio into a widely acclaimed masterpiece of opera. Critics and audiences alike would praise the work for years and years to come, as it is still acclaimed as one of the great operas of the time today. Beethoven in response to the much awaited success wrote in his daybook, It is certain that one writes best when one writes for the public (Brener 31). The Reception Theory combines a variety of thoughts on a piece with its reception by the critics and general public at the time, and when the piece is widely acclaimed, which could be much later in time. Often times works that are experimental in one era become hailed as masterpieces in another, thats the whole point of the Reception Theory, to determine when a work makes this crossover. Beethovens Fidelio had the perfect timing as far as this approach states. With the final changes to the piece, it became praised as one of the all-time masterpieces almost immediately. One can only guess at the depth of Beethovens frustration upon being repeatedly told, by even the most well-meaning of his admirers, that he was writing for the future and that he could not be understood in his own day (Brener 31). What Fidelio, accomplished upon completion and acclaim was prove to Beethoven that as often as his pieces were based on where music was going, he could still write for the people of the time, while moving in the direction of the future. What is found upon further research is that Fidelio has grown like a fine wine, though highly praised in 1814 at the conception of the final version; it has only grown in the publics appreciation over time. There is not exact date in which the work crossed over to a masterpiece, essentially from the final versions premiere it was a fact understood by the audience, that this was and would be a great opera for a lengthy period of time.

Reconstruction of the Union following the Civil War Research Paper

Reconstruction of the Union following the Civil War - Research Paper Example The Reconstruction also brought several black members to Congress and to all other government positions including the sheriff and the judge. Moreover, the Reconstruction brought with it the formulation of certain laws that protected and underlined the rights of black people in the American society (â€Å"Reconstruction: The Second Civil War†). The first problem associated with the Reconstruction is that the first reconstruction plans were themselves problematic. Lincoln’s 10 percent policy was not accepted by Radical Republicans for they said it was too easy for the Confederate states to use to gain readmission and that the plan was not enough in terms of protecting the former slaves. Because of this deficiency, Congress passed its own Wade-Davis Bill, which tried to limit the political participation of white Confederates and proposed the equality of the blacks before the law, but Lincoln did not sign the bill into a law (â€Å"Reconstruction†). ... Many of the problems concerning the Reconstruction actually had their roots from selfish political agenda of certain politicians both from the North and the South. Another problem with the Reconstruction is that it brought with it certain disagreements among blacks and whites on the newly institutionalized laws of equality and emancipation of the Negro slave. This resulted in several complications about the ownership of land and about the new sharecropping practices such as those experienced by the landlady Butler when negotiating with her former slaves as to how much of the proceeds of the plantation would go to her and how much would go to the black worker. In fact, she could sense so much animosity among her former slaves that is why she always slept at night with a pistol beside her. The complications and tension also extended to the state governments, such as that of Georgia, where the white lawmakers defied the command of the Northern States by banning black people from taking part in the state government. Although this was remedied, hatred and tension have developed between blacks and whites (â€Å"Reconstruction: The Second Civil War†). There was also the problem of the impending Negro rule or the supremacy and dominance of blacks. Certain influential black leaders during the time of the Reconstruction like the preacher Tunis Campbell has encouraged blacks to fight for their rights by instilling in them a hatred towards whites and the idea that the whites were always taking advantage of blacks. Campbell has also inspired blacks to complain to their masters about what is supposed to be rightfully theirs (â€Å"Reconstruction: The Second Civil War†). Another problem with the Reconstruction is the group of white Republicans who want to settle down

Unit 9 db Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 9 db - Research Paper Example Therefore, to deal with such pitfalls, I would like to recommend that the manager should not have used a phone to communicate such an official message. Instead, he would have used an email, written a letter or insisted on face-to-face communication. This would give him an opportunity to formalize the communication or get a chance to engage Lei on a direct communication. Besides, I would like to recommend that Lei should have given out clear responses to the manager. She should not have merely stated her answers without explaining it. This confused the manager since he could not clearly understand her (Terry, 2008). Lastly, I would recommend that Lei should have not given an immediate response to the manager. Because this was a very sensitive matter, she should have taken time to synthesize the message and consult the relevant stakeholders before giving out a conclusive response (Argenti, 2009). If she could have done this, she would not have conflicted with the manager for bringing her the invoice for the new equipment whose purchase would be a costly affair for the

Finance - Securities Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance - Securities Analysis - Essay Example www.facebook.com and a home page will appear to request you to put in your credentials that are if you have an account in. Alternatively if, one does not have an account you can still register for one by following basic steps. Simply I can invest in facebook. This is because facebook can guarantee you a triple income of what you invested. By selling a single share at $38 facebook has a returning market cap of $104 billion. Just for the record, at the time of the actual IPO opening when NASDAQ was printing shares one could see them post at the Etrade Market Depth tab. Mind you, trade had actually not yet begun, and so what Etrade staff told me was "these were trades being entered". I believed that. The share prices ranged from ask and bid at 45 to 60, then jumped to 100, then 150 and finally 200. The asking price for FB at about 11:20 to 11:30 was 200 bucks. At some point this morning the SEC stopped trade because of short sellers. But whats getting missed is that many buyers, some of them had to be institutional, were willing to pay as much as 200 bucks a share on the IPO offering time. Why do I know this? Both the Market Depth tab and also NASDAQs staff member confirmed, this is "what customers were will ing to offer". NOW then, whats Facebooks valuation? The short sellers were trying to get the stock to below 30 dollars IMHO when SEC stepped in today the 21st. That indicates their willingness to resort to whatever means are necessary. This climate of criminality and greed is working against not only stock investors but also the USA itself. Holding 200 shares for a recovery, (NOT acquired the enormous price btw) and may buy more if they go down again tomorrow. On the 21st shares dropped to 33.00. They may fall more, but the markets too are in a moment of volatility regardless of the one Monday up to date. This was bank stimulated, and when the terrible news seeps back from across the pond again, right back to square

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 27

Response paper - Essay Example The author also says that there were many continuations of the Algerian War found in the modern French society (McCormack 200). The Algerian War in history terms shows parts of the present in relation to its sequels. I believe the Algerian War memories are important in understanding the modern French society. The Algerian war memory has been reserved while the Indo-China conflict has been truly out of the memory, as it does not reappear in the present. The repression of the memory is unhealthy for the French community as it results in repetition of old divisions. It prevents a peaceful mind from existing and brings about the injury produced by painful memories (McCormack 220). Essentially, the commemoration of the Algerian War events should be perceived as an opportunity for the French administration to show their readiness to the Fifth Republic to identify the problematic facets of its history. The French government must generate a report through the creation of a commission to gather evidence and facts about the Algerian war. Great work needs to be done if France is to conquer the divisions in the French society that were inherited from the

Equal access to computing technology HW Research Paper

Equal access to computing technology HW - Research Paper Example The United Nations has explicitly reaffirmed its importance: â€Å"[k]nowledge, more than ever, is power† (as cited in Best, 2004). To show their sincerity, the U.N. has made a declaration stating that the access to the Internet is one of the fundamental human rights. However, it is a wonder why the U.N. bothered to make such kind of declaration. Michael L. Best (2004) discovered certain aspect of symmetry of information rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. He quoted Article 19 of the Declaration saying that people have the right to â€Å"hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers† (Best, 2004). The words â€Å"seek† and â€Å"receive† refer to the access of, but not limited to, the Internet. Best (2004) claimed that those words sound like the information rights. On the other hand, the Internet seems to be perceived as â€Å"ubiquitous† in our contemporary epoch (Halpin, Hick, & Hoskins, 2000). In fact, Internet cafes can be found almost in every corner. It’s either you are with it or not (Halpin et al., 2000). It is interesting to note though about the sharp contrast between the ubiquitous appearance of the Internet and the presence of a wide digital divide. Ultimately, the difference is the asymmetry between the Internet and its access. But why is the Internet access a human right? Best appears to be puzzled by this inquiry. He then made an attempt to review the debate -- although it seems a blasà © -- connected to the digital divide. To his mind, the right to information requires the Internet â€Å"to some extent† (Best, 2004). There are three things that one could decipher on Best’s â€Å"to some extent:† (1) when books and other information materials go extinct like the prehistoric dinosaurs; (2) when, at certain time and place, information materials are nonexistent but the Internet; and (3) when ideas and information offered in the available

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 27

Response paper - Essay Example The author also says that there were many continuations of the Algerian War found in the modern French society (McCormack 200). The Algerian War in history terms shows parts of the present in relation to its sequels. I believe the Algerian War memories are important in understanding the modern French society. The Algerian war memory has been reserved while the Indo-China conflict has been truly out of the memory, as it does not reappear in the present. The repression of the memory is unhealthy for the French community as it results in repetition of old divisions. It prevents a peaceful mind from existing and brings about the injury produced by painful memories (McCormack 220). Essentially, the commemoration of the Algerian War events should be perceived as an opportunity for the French administration to show their readiness to the Fifth Republic to identify the problematic facets of its history. The French government must generate a report through the creation of a commission to gather evidence and facts about the Algerian war. Great work needs to be done if France is to conquer the divisions in the French society that were inherited from the

Physical Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Physical Environment - Essay Example A child being in his early stage of life and mostly in learning phase is affected by the kind of environment where he spends most of his time, if the physical environment is attractive and nicely presentable then it helps the child in building his confidence and develop a taste for neatness and a systematic approach towards any thing that he comes across. If the physical environment is shabby and not presentable enough, it can have negative impact on child's psychology and can thus invoke negative thoughts in him. It can hinder his overall growth as an individual. So the physical environment in the classroom should be designed appropriately so as to cater to needs of teachers as well as students and should have a fruitful impact on the student's mentality and overall growth. Through observation, description, and reflection on their own and P-12 students' prior experience, learning styles, strengths, and needs, the preliminary candidate recognizes that students differ in their approaches to learning. It was a kindergarten class of 10 studen... Do you think that the physical environment is important to student success Why or why not. Definitely the physical environment is one of the basic ingredients of student's success; it is this physical environment only which helps a student To develop his psychology negative or positive, depending upon the type of physical environment he is having in his class. A child being in his early stage of life and mostly in learning phase is affected by the kind of environment where he spends most of his time, if the physical environment is attractive and nicely presentable then it helps the child in building his confidence and develop a taste for neatness and a systematic approach towards any thing that he comes across. If the physical environment is shabby and not presentable enough, it can have negative impact on child's psychology and can thus invoke negative thoughts in him. It can hinder his overall growth as an individual. So the physical environment in the classroom should be designed appropriately so as to cater to needs of teachers as well as students and should have a fruitful impact on the student's mentality and overall growth. Step 3: Learners Mid-Preparation Benchmark 1.2.2 Human Development Mid-Preparation Benchmark 1.2.3 Through observation, description, and reflection on their own and P-12 students' prior experience, learning styles, strengths, and needs, the preliminary candidate recognizes that students differ in their approaches to learning. Objective Description Give an over-all description of the students in the classroom: number, gender, diversity, culture, race, exceptionalities, special needs, socio-economic status, etc. It was a kindergarten class

Educating Rita-Characters Essay Example for Free

Educating Rita-Characters Essay Main characters Rita and Frank are the only two characters whom we see on stage, though other people are referred to by both of them. We hear about Denny, Ritas husband, about Julia, Franks partner, and about Trish, Ritas flatmate, who attempts to kill herself. But it is Rita and Frank whom the audience gets to know best. Rita: Rita is a working-class, twenty-six-year-old hairdresser who has taken the decisive step of enrolling on a literature course at the Open University. It has been a difficult decision as it means that she has to break away from the restrictions imposed on her by her husband and by the community in which she lives and works. Indeed, Ritas choice is a stark one: it is between starting a family, which Denny wants, or studying. In deciding to study and become more educated and culturally aware, Rita changes her life completely. She gradually becomes absorbed by culture and literature. It is only after her flatmate attempts suicide that she begins to realise that art and literature cannot provide all the answers. However, she decides to continue as a student and finally passes her examination. Frank: Frank is a university lecturer in English Literature with a drink problem. He has had one failed marriage and his present relationship wit Julia is not an easy one. However, he does appear to have a comfortable middle-class lifestyle and has achieved some minor success as a poet. His job, nevertheless, bores him and, in fact, by the end of the play, he has been sent away to Australia by the university authorities because of his drunken behaviour. Rita breezes into his life like a breath of fresh air; the story of the play is the story of their developing and changing relationships both as teacher and student and on a more personal level.

Exercise Isometric Vs Isotonic Physical Education Essay

Exercise Isometric Vs Isotonic Physical Education Essay Motility is one of the most important and characteristic things that can be seen in the members of animal kingdom because they have to move their body just for their daily activities such as locomotion. That is why a skeletal system (including bones and cartilage) has been developed in advanced animals. Likewise the muscles that are connected to the skeletal system play an important role in movements of their limbs and trunk resulting moving. Furthermore, though the simple unicellular beings have simple activities, advanced multicellular animals have complicated activities such as eye movements, hearing, ingestion of meals, body balance etc. The contraction and relaxation of muscles are important processes in not only body movements but also these activities mentioned above. Skeletal muscles get mainly involved in contraction and relaxation during exercises because a large amount of energy is needed for the both processes. Not only skeletal muscles, but also Cardiac muscles and Smooth muscles are involved. There are a few types of muscle contraction. Among them, isotonic and isometric muscle contractions are very important. Therefore, how muscles get contracted, what are the differences in isotonic and isometric contraction, what are the physiological changes during exercise etc. are discussed in this thesis. 2.0 Muscles and their molecular structure Most cells possess cytoskeletal elements that are capable of lengthening or shortening and therefore the cell has an ability to change its shape. This capacity is important in a variety of cellular functions such as locomotion, phagocytosis, mitosis and extension of processes. Proteins referred to as molecular motors can change the length of a cell much more rapidly by using energy from the hydrolysis of adenosine 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²-triphosphate (ATP). These ATP-dependent systems are based on the interaction of actin and myosin. In muscle cells, the filaments of actin and myosin and their associated proteins are so abundant that they almost fill the interior of the cell forming the bulk of the muscle. In addition to that, there are Troponin and Tropomyosin filaments as well. Three types of Troponin can be seen. They are Troponin C, I, and T. They line predominantly in one direction, so that interactions at the molecular level are translated into linear contraction of the whole cell. The ability of these specialized cells to change shape has become their most important property. Assemblies of contractile muscle cells, forming the muscles, are machines for converting chemical energy into mechanical work. The forces generated during the contraction and relaxation of muscle are used to move limbs, inflate the lungs, pump blood, close and open tubes, etc. Mainly there are three types of muscles, skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle forms the bulk of the muscular tissue of the body and consists of parallel bundles of long, multinucleate fibers. This type of muscle is capable of powerful contractions because of the regular organization of its contractile proteins. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart and in the walls of large veins where they enter the heart consisting of a branched network of individual cells that are linked electrically and mechanically to function as a unit. Smooth muscle is found in all systems of the body, in the walls of the viscera, including most of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts, in the tunica media of blood vessels etc. In the longitudinal microscopic section of a typical muscle cell, it appears as ribbons and is interrupted at regular intervals by thin transverse lines known as the Z-lines that divide the myofibril into a linear series of repeating contractile units. Those are called sarcomeres. At higher power, sarcomeres are seen to consist of two types of filament, thick Myosin and thin Actin. The arrangement of thick and thin filaments forms a partially overlapping structure within the sarcomere. The thick filaments, together with lengths of thin filaments that overlap and interdigitate with the thick filaments at either end is known as the A-band. The central, paler region of the A-band is not penetrated by the Actin filaments and this region is called the H-band. At the center of H-bands, the Myosin filaments are linked together transversely by M-line. The adjacent portion of two neighboring sarcomeres in which the thin filaments are not overlapped by thick filaments is the I-line. The Actin filaments of adjacent sarcomeres are anchored in the Z-disc, which divides the I-band in to two parts. Where to Find Muscle Contraction Animation for Kids1. 3.0 Molecular basis of muscle contraction During a muscle fiber gets contracted, the actual length of the muscle fiber is constant. What happens on contraction is to increase the overlap within the muscle cell. When the action potential comes into the Transverse system (T-tubules system), it spreads over the membrane of the T-tubules system. As a result of that, the membrane of the T-tubules system gets depolarized. Then, Dihydro Pyridine Receptors (DHPR) / voltage gated Ca+2 channels on the membrane of T-tubules system are activated. As a result of that, intra cellular Ca+2 concentration is increased significantly because of the influx of Ca+2 from extra cellular fluid. This Ca+2 influx triggers the activation of Ryanodine Receptor (RyR) on the membrane of sarcoplasmic reticulum. So that, the release of Ca+2 from sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytoplasm through the DHPR is occurred. Later influx of Ca+2 is known as Calcium induced Calcium release 2. That is how the T-tubules carry the action potential in side of the cell. As a result of the process that mentioned above, the amount of free Ca+2 in the cytoplasm of the muscle cell is increased and these free Ca+2 ions bind with the Troponin-C. After that, the interaction between Troponin-I and Actin becomes weak and then the Tropomyosin can rotate laterally 2. When the Tropomyosin rotates, Myosin binding site of Actin is exposed. Then, the Myosin head binds with the myosin binding site of the Actin forming the cross-bridges. In the meantime, the ADP molecule tightly bound to the Myosin head is released. As a result of that, conformational changes in the Myosin head can be occurred. That means the Myosin head bends at its neck resulting the length between two Z-lines reduces gradually (Power Stroke). This is the contraction of muscle. The Ganong says that each power stroke shortens the sarcomere about 10nm 2. Then, an ATP molecule quickly binds with the site of the Myosin head where the previous ADP molecule has bound. As a result of the binding of an ATP, the detachment of the Myosin head from the Myosin binding site of the Actin can be occurred. Then the ATP molecule bound to the Myosin head gets hydrolyzed producing an ADP molecule on the head. This hydrolyzing of ATP causes for the Myosin head to come its previous position. This contraction can be occurred as cycles. The Ganong says that each Myosin head cycles about 5 times per second during rapid contraction 2. During the relaxation of muscles, the membrane of the T-tubules system gets re-polarized. Therefore the concentration of free Ca+2 in the cytoplasm is reduced because Ca+2 enter in to the sarcoplasmic reticulum through the Sarcoplasmic-Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca+2 ATPase pumps (SERCA). These SERCA uses ATP as a source of energy to pump Ca+2 into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Therefore the amount of Ca+2 bound to the Troponin-C is also reduced. Then the interaction between the Myosin and Actin is ceased. As a result of that, the muscle gets relaxed 2. Sliding filaments 3. 4.0 Exercise Exercise is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy usage 4. On the other hand, Exercise is physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive for the purpose of conditioning any part of the body. Exercise is used to improve health, maintain fitness and is important as a means of physical rehabilitation 5. When some person is doing an exercise, his or her body can be exposed to one of the highest level of extreme stresses. For example, a person who is suffering from high fever approaching the level of lethality, the metabolism of his body increases to approximately 100% above normal; by comparison, the metabolism of the body increases to 2000% above normal during an exercise such as marathon race. Although the bodily movements are known as exercise, these exercises can be classified into several groups. Among them isotonic exercise and isometric exercise are important. In addition to that, isokinetic exercises can also be considered. 5.0 Types of exercise There are lots of types of exercise. But among them, isometric, isotonic and isokinetic exercises are important 5. Range of motion exercise The putting of a joint through its full range of normal movements, either actively or passively. Aerobic exercise That designed to increase oxygen consumption and improve functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Endurance exercise One that involves the use of several large groups of muscles and is thus dependent on the delivery of oxygen to the muscles by the cardiovascular system. Isokinetic exercise Dynamic muscle activity performed at a constant angular velocity; torque and tension remain constant while muscles shorten or lengthen. Isometric exercise Active exercise performed against stable resistance, without change in the length of the muscle. Isotonic exercise Active exercise without appreciable change in the force of muscular contraction, with shortening of the muscle. Kegel exercises Exercises performed to strengthen the pubococcygeal muscle. Active exercise Motion imparted to a part by voluntary contraction and relaxation of its controlling muscles. Passive exercise Motion imparted to a part by another person or outside force, or produced by voluntary effort of another segment of the patients own body. Resistanceor Resistive exercise that performed by the patient against resistance, as from a weight 5.1 Isometric exercise Exercise performed by the effort against a resistance that encourages and tones the muscle without changing the length of the muscle fibers 6. Therefore, muscle gets contracted without appreciable shortening or change in distance between the origin and insertion of the muscle while the resistance applied to the contraction increases muscle tension without producing movement of the joint. This occurs when carrying an object in front of you when the weight of the object is pulling your arms down but your muscles are contracting to hold the object at the same level. Another example is when you grip something such as a pen or a needle. During this period, there is no movement in the joints of the hand, but the muscles of the hand are contracting to provide a force sufficient enough to keep a steady hold on the pen or needle. In addition to that, the amount of the force of a muscle is able to produce during an isometric contraction depends on the length of the muscle at the point of contraction. Each muscle has an optimum length at which the maximum isometric force can be produced. A series of isometric contractions performed at varying muscle lengths (from -40% (slack) to +40% (stretched). The maximum force is produced at optimum length (Lo). Note that, when the muscle is stretched, the baseline of the force recorded is raised due to passive tension (PT) in the muscle and contributes more to overall force than the active tension (AT) 7. Isometric muscle contraction is a great form of exercise for people who are suffering from Arthritis, people who are recovering from a joint injury or an injury to cartilage, tendons and ligaments. Because isometric exercises prevent the joint movements, it is no problem even though the movements are limited at the joints of an individual. Isometrics exercise improves overall muscular strength and can also stimulate muscular growth. Over time, individuals can actually get stronger when practicing isometric exercises 10, 11. 5.2 Isotonic exercise Isotonic muscular contraction is used to strengthen muscles and improve joint mobility in exercises. That means isotonic contractions are those which cause the muscle to change its length when the muscle contracts and causes for the movements of a part of the body. There are two types of isotonic contraction, concentric and eccentric contraction. 5.2.1 Concentric contraction During concentric exercises, it will cause for the muscles to shorten when the muscles contract. On the other hand, an exercise that causes for a muscle to get decreased its length is known as a concentric exercise. This type of isotonic contraction is the most common type of muscle contraction that can be occurred in daily and sporting activities. Ex: bending the forearm at the elbow joint from straight to fully flexed The forearm can be flexed, when the Biceps Brachi muscle contracts. That means the length of the Biceps Brachi muscle is reduced during the contraction 8. In concentric contractions, the force generated by the muscle is always less than the muscles maximum (Po). When the load that the muscle is required to lift something decreases, contraction velocity increases. This occurs until the muscle finally reaches its maximum contraction velocity, Vmax. By performing a series of constant velocity shortening contractions, a  force-velocity relationship can be determined 7. 5.2.2 Eccentric contraction The opposite of the concentric contraction is Eccentric contraction 8. That means this type of contraction can be occurred when the muscle elongates during a contraction 9. This type is less common but usually involves in the control or deceleration of a movement of a limb, being initiated by the concentric contraction. Ex: kicking something The Quadriceps muscle contracts concentrically to straighten the leg at the knee joint while the Hamstrings contract eccentrically to slowdown the motion of the leg and this type of contraction puts a lot of strain through the muscle and is commonly involved in muscle injuries 8. However it is difficult to compare that the isometric exercises are important than the isotonic exercises or opposite because both types have its own specific purposes. For example, when someone is doing an isometric exercise, it is only strengthening the muscle in the position that the muscle is being held. That is why this type of exercises are more beneficial for the athletes such as a gymnasts who have to support their bodyweight in difficult positions or hold them self in one position for a long time. But when the isotonic exercises such as weightlifting are considered, it is going to strengthen the muscles through a range of motion. However both types of isometric and isotonic exercises can increase the amount of force generated during muscle contraction 14, 15, 16. 5.3 Isokinetic exercise Isokinetic contractions are similar to isotonic contractions. But they differ from isotonic contractions due to movements of a constant speed. Isokinetic Dynamo-meter is used to get the measurements of this type of exercise. Examples for this type of exercise are rare although the best example is breast stork in swimming because a resistance to the movement of adduction is provided constantly by the water 8. 6.0 Muscular changes in exercises Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles can be occurred after each training session due to acute increased in muscle protein synthesis when there is a good supplement of nutrition 12, 13. 7.0 Cardiovascular changes in exercise The cardiovascular system helps transport materials all over the body assists with thermoregulation. Regular exercise makes the cardiovascular system more efficient at pumping blood and delivering oxygen and nutrition to the exercise muscles 17, 18, 19, 21. Releases of adrenaline and lactic acid into the blood during an exercise result in an increase of the heart rate (HR). Some of the different components of the cardiovascular system, such as stroke volume (SV), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and mean arterial pressure and cardiac output (CO) can be increased by exercises. A considerable percentage of the CO goes to the exercising muscles. While the muscles particularly skeletal muscles get received approximately 20% of the total blood flow at rest, the visceral organs such as spleen, liver and intestine receive a large amount of blood. But during exercise, the blood flow to muscles increases to 80-85%. Two major adjustments on the blood flow can be occurred during exercise to get the metabolic demands of skeletal muscles fulfilled. Increasing the cardiac output from the heart. Returning the blood flow from inactive organs and tissues such as spleen to the active muscles. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems regulate the activities of the heart. Acetylcholine (Ach), a neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nerve endings, can decrease the activities of Sino-Atrial (SA) node and Atrio-Ventricular (AV) node resulting decreased in HR while the Norepinephrine released by the sympathetic nerve endings causes for the increase in HR and the force of contraction of the heart. Although the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous stimulations are in balance at rest, during exercises, the parasympathetic stimulation decreases while the sympathetic stimulation increases. Especially several factors such as baroreceptors, chemoreceptors and temperature receptors directly contribute to adjust the function of the heart. CO is controlled by the EDV (known as preload), average aortic BP (afterload), and the strength of ventricular contraction. During exercises, the EDV is increased because of the increase in venous return, the afterload is reduced and the strength of ventricular contraction is increased due to increase the EDV according to the Frank-Starlings law resulting increased the CO. Constriction of veins that drain skeletal muscles can be occurred as a response to the stimulation of sympathetic nervous system during an exercise. During exercise, the respiratory pump and the muscle pump help to increase venous return resulting increased the blood flow to the heart. Blood flow during exercise is regulated by changing BP and altering the peripheral resistance of the vessels. During exercise, BP increases so that blood flow through the body increases. Blood flow is also increased during exercise by decreasing the resistance of the vessels in the systemic circulation of active skeletal muscle. Resistance is determined by the following formula 20. Resistance = (length of tube X viscosity of blood)/radius Changing the radius of the vessels has the most considerable effect on blood flow. Doubling the radius of a blood vessel decreases resistance by a factor of 16. Cardiovascular changes during isometric exercise differ from the changes during isotonic exercise because isometric exercise causes to compress the blood vessels in the contracting muscles. It leads to reduce the blood flow in contracting muscle. So that, the total peripheral resistance will increase instead of the total peripheral resistance that normally falls during isotonic exercise, particularly if several large groups of muscles are involved in the exercise. The sympathetic system is activated with exercise and thus leads to an increase in BP, HR and cardiac output. The increase in HR and cardiac output is less due to the total peripheral resistance does not decrease. An increase in the diastolic, systolic and mean arterial pressure is more when compared with those seen with isotonic exercises. Because BP is a major determinant of afterload, the left ventricular wall stress, and thus the cardiac workload, is significantly higher during static exercise compared with the cardiac workload achieved during dynamic exercise. The musculature of the heart will become certain morphologic changes in response to chronic exercise. Such a heart which has been morphologically changed is commonly referred to as an athletic heart. Athletic heart syndrome is characterized by hypertrophy of the myocardium. Although the hypertrophy in athletes heart is morphologically similar to that seen in patients with hypertension, several important differences exist. In contrast to the hypertension-induced hypertrophy, the hypertrophy in the athletic heart is noted in absence of any diastolic dysfunction, with a normal isovolumetric relaxation time, with no decrease in the peak rate of left ventricular filling, and with no decrease in the peak rate of left ventricular cavity enlargement and wall thinning. Because the wall stress in the athletes heart is normal, sometimes the hypertrophy seems to be disproportionate to the level of resting BP. 8.0 Respiratory changes during exercise The purpose of respiration is to provide O2 to the tissues and to remove Carbon Dioxide from the tissues 17, 18, 19. To accomplish this, four major events must be regulated, as follows: Pulmonary ventilation Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the blood Transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood and body fluids and to and from the cells Regulation of ventilation and other aspects of respiration Although the human body is designed to maintain homeostasis, exercise causes these factors mentioned above to change. The formation of CO2, consumption of O2 and the total alveolar ventilation is increased by approximately 20-fold when someone initiates to do an exercise from the state of rest to the maximal intensity of the exercise. The pulmonary ventilation is 100-110 L/min at maximal exercise while there is a linear relationship between ventilation and oxygen consumption. Anyway, the maximal breathing capacity of a person is about 150-170 L/min. That means, during maximal exercise, the maximal breathing capacity is approximately 50% greater than the actual pulmonary ventilation. It has been found that the maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max) under the maximal aerobic metabolism is found to increase only 10% due to the effect of training. However, the VO2max of a person who runs in a marathon is about 45% greater than the VO2 of an untrained person. The reasons for this are somewhat genetically determined (larger chest size in relation to body size, stronger respiratory muscles) and due to long-term training as well. The Oxygen diffusion capacity is known as the measurement of the rate of the O2 diffusion from the alveoli into the blood stream through the walls of capillaries and alveoli. The diffusing capacity of Oxygen is increased because of the exercise and all most all the pulmonary capillaries are perfused at their maximal level due to increase the blood flow through the lungs. Therefore, a considerable surface area is provided for the gases to be exchanged by diffusion. So, it has been found that the trained-athletes have a higher diffusing capacity. As a result of the active exercises, partial pressure of Oxygen in arterial blood is decreased while that of Carbon Dioxide in the venous blood is increased more than the normal level. Though the both of these are changed, it is not a case because both of these values remain close to the normal values. Stimulatory impulses from the higher centers of the brain, the impulses from the joint and muscle via proprioceptive stimulatory reflexes cause for the neurological stimulations of the respiratory and vasomotor center of the medulla oblongata which provides almost all the real increase in pulmonary ventilation to keep the blood respiratory gases almost normal. If nervous signals are too strong or weak, chemical factors such as neurotransmitters bring about the final adjustment in respiration that is required to maintain homeostasis during exercises 17, 18, 19. 9.0 Immunological changes in exercise Although the positive and negative effects can be seen on the immune system with exercises, regular moderate exercise seems to reduce the incidence of infection, while prolonged intense exercise causes a temporary suppression of many parameters of immune function, depending on the intensity and duration of exercise. The mobilization and activation of white blood cells, the release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, the tissue damage and cell infiltration, the production of free radicals, the activation of the complement and the coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways can be seen during physical activities just like an inflammation. The variety of the previous changes depends on the type of exercise intensity and the duration. Both acute and chronic effects of exercise on the immune system, yet there are still very few studies that have been able to show a direct link between exercise-induced immune depression and increased incidence of confirmed illness in athletes. Strenious and/or prolonged physical activity leads to muscle and other tissue damage and, thereby, induce an inflammatory response characterized by secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and other cellular or hormonal mediators of inflammation. On the other hand, physical activity also induces counter-regulation of inflammation through secretion of immunosuppressant mediators, such as cortisol and anti-inflammatory cytokines 22.

Critical Race Theory and the Rodney King Case Essays -- Recism

Critical Race Theory and the Rodney King Case In reviewing the article, Canadian Critical Race Theory, I found that the author, Carol Aylvard, raises some very interesting as well as disturbing questions on the nature of racism within the realm of police enforcement. In looking through the lens of the Rodney King case, we are provided with a very specific example of how the issue of race was dealt with, or not dealt with within the LAPD and judicial system. To gain a clearer understanding of how race was a major issue in this case but at the same time not confronted on the front lines, Alyvard highlights several aspects of the case. In the 1991 state trial of the four police officers accused of beating Rodney King, the prosecution did not even attempt to introduce evidence of "racial animus" on part of the officers. Even though there was video-audio evidence as well as eyewitness testimony to the contrary, they still did not challenge the defense's assertion that no racial epithets had been used by the police officers. As well, the prosecution neglected to appeal the decision of the State Court to move the trial from a racially diverse area to the predominantly white area of Simi Valley, where it was inevitable that the officers would be judged by an all-white jury. Furthermore, they also did not challenge the defense's portrayal of King's injuries as trivial. While it is needless to say that the list goes on and on, it came as no great surprise that the jury acquitted the four LAPD officers. It was also not surprising that riots followed this acquittal. One month after the beating and one year after the acquittal, two independent commissions, The McCone Commission and The California State Assembly Commission were appoint... ... is possible to implement alternative legal strategies that have their roots in recognition instead of avoidance? In looking at additional information displayed on the Internet, there seems to be an even wider range of issues being developed around the Rodney King Case. How do people of different social classes, gender or race fair in the law enforcement system? A few sites as well as the article alluded the O.J. Simpson case. Did this case confirm the importance of race consciousness and show a move toward a better understanding of the role that race plays in law? At any rate, Aylvard argues that the Rodney King case, " †¦exposed the significance of race in constitutional and criminal law and the dangers of avoiding it to maintain the "myth" of color blindness." (p. 66). References Carol, A. Aylvard. Canadian Critical Race Theory. Halifax: Fernwood, 1999.

The Quarrel About Historical Explanation :: essays research papers

The Quarrel About Historical Explanation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The discussion of the philosophical question of historical explanation is in reality a disagreement concerning the nature of the philosophic method.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are primarily two sides taken in this argument, those who agree with Carl Hempel and those that do not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Hempel a historical event is only sufficiently explained when it logically fits a set of confirmed pre-existing conditions along with some universal laws.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certainly all things cannot easily be assigned to rules and laws. Political coups, assassinations and revolutions are too complex for such a rigid explanation. And who is to say what perquisites there are for situations. Certainly there is no one who can predict every instance of a given event, there are just too many variables.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hempel then notes that Historians are seldom able to stick to his procedure and at best can only make an explanation sketch. Hempel seems to be saying then, that the majority of explanations surrounding historical events are inadequate and incomplete.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are three main divisions of anti-Hempelians. There are those that agree with Hempel to the point that there are rules and general laws that can be followed, but a historian's explanation is adequate if all he can provide is a sketch. The second group states that the general laws are not necessary and as long as the explanation provides an understandable narrative, it is complete. The final group believes that only one condition is necessary, and if more information is needed, one only needs to elaborate on that one condition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Hempelians and the anti-Hempelians both have common ground. They are both engaged in the philosophy of history, but this is where the agreement stops for even the groups starting points are different.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hempelians give their explanations to answer the question of why something happened. Their objective is to replace curiosity with understanding. For this to happen both the laws and general rules given must logically agree. In other words you must be able to deduce the answer after given the laws and rules.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It would not be enough for a Hempelian to hear that conditions led up to an event. He must know himself that these conditions are causes, and he'll know this only if the conditions are widely known or confirmed causes of said event. These conditions must not only be confirmed but true or the explanation would merely be an exercise in futility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An anti-Hempelian's problem with all of this is summarized in that historians do not use such methods to do their explaining, even if they did an explanation may not result, and finally historians are doing a very fine job

European imperialism Essay

Mortimer Chambers et al define imperialism as a European state’s intervention in and continuing domination over a non-European territory. During the ‘Scramble for Africa’ in the late nineteenth century, the most powerful European nations desired to conquer, dominate and exploit African colonies with the hope of building an empire. According to Derrick Murphy, in 1875 only ten percent of Africa was occupied by European states. Twenty years later only ten percent remained unoccupied. There were several factors which attracted European imperialists to Africa. There were opportunities for profitable investment and trade. Raw materials, which Africa possessed in abundance, were also desired. A cheap source of labour was required as it would result in higher profits. In addition, there was international rivalry among European nations. Domestic political interests and social Darwinism may also be blamed for attracting European imperialism to Africa. European imperialists were lured to Africa by the potential economic benefits she possessed. Industrialization caused a mass productivity and there became an artificial need for foreign markets to invest in. According to Brian Levack et al, with the onset of economic decline in 1873 industrialists were faced with a declining demand for their products in Europe. Imperial expansion, it was thought, would provide a solution with annexed territories seen as captive markets. It was believed that the unfavorable balance of trade that Britain and other industrial countries were experiencing could be counterbalanced by the income from overseas investments. Also, surplus capital could be profitably invested in Africa where cheap labour and limited competition would result in higher profits. Prominent European imperialists decided to use the public resources of their country to find lucrative means of using their capital. The English radical economist J.A. Hobson, argues that the intention was to level out inequalities of wealth to increase domestic consumption. Local merchants, traders and bankers were optimistic towards the idea of imperial expansion and capital investments outside of Europe became an increasingly vital sector of its economy. There was an increasing demand for raw materials in Europe in the late nineteenth century. According to Brian Levack, the new technologies characteristic of the industrial revolution meant that industrial Europe  became increasingly dependent on raw materials. European nations felt the urge to control lands that possessed great quantities of raw materials. Africa was rich with raw materials as well as many treasure reserves. As a result, many major industrial companies attempted to gain a monopoly of raw materials in Africa. Stuart Miller believes that specific trade links were important to particular industries. Some raw materials in Africa were of great importance; the vegetable oil of the Niger was vital for lubricating industrial machinery and the rubber of the Congo was not only essential for the tires on the new automobiles but also for insulating the electrical and telegraph wires now encircling the globe. The plentiful elephant herds could be slaughtered to provide the ivory for many of the new consumer goods such as piano keys, billiard balls and knife handles. In Togoland, Germans were able to cultivate plantations where they grew cocoa and rubber. Other raw materials included peanuts, cotton and tea. There were also many important minerals and South Africa possessed gold and diamonds. International rivalry among European nations contributed greatly to imperialist ventures in Africa. Britain’s rivalry with France and Germany accounted for a large part of the colonization. The British government wished to maintain its dominance in the colonial regions. Other European powers desired to expand their colonial spheres as well and Britain responded by seizing colonies. Certain territories were important for their location. The Suez Canal was key waterway between East and West Africa. The immense interior between the gold and diamond rich Southern Africa and Egypt had a strategic value as domination of this region was important to secure the flow of overseas trade. The British wanted to link their possessions in Southern Africa with their territories in East Africa, and these two areas with the Nile basin. Obtaining the Sudan was vital to the fulfillment of these ambitions especially since Egypt was already under British control. This ‘red-line’ through Africa was made famous by Cecil Rhodes and Lord Milner who advocated for a ‘Cape to Cairo’ empire linking by rail the Suez Canal to the Southern part which possessed many minerals. According to Brian Levack, there was also a certain level of nationalist competition. The unification of Germany upset the balance of power in Europe. In this climate of tension, governments looked towards enforcing national strength. The  newly formed nations of Italy and Germany now sought empires outside Europe as a means of gaining power and prestige within Europe. In the nineteenth century, a German historian Henrich con Treitschke stated â€Å"All great nations in the fullness of their strength have desired to set their mark on barbarian lands and those who fail to participate in this great rivalry will pay a pitiable role in time to come.† Under the leadership of Bismarck, Germany soon embarked on a quest of expansionism. Bismarck’s distrust of England under Gladstone was one of the reasons he decided to do this. Germany became engaged in an arms race with Great Britain and it desired as many military and naval bases as it could obtain. France needed to restore its damaged national pride after its defeat by Germany in the Franco-Prussian war and therefore embarked upon expansionism. Their aim was to have an uninterrupted link between the Niger River and the Nile, thus controlling all trade to and from the Sahel region, by virtue of their existing control over the Caravan routes through the Sahara. Domestic political interests also contributed to European Imperialism in Africa. As stated by Brain Levack, in the age of mass politics, political leaders needed to find issues that would both appeal to new voters and strengthen the status quo. Imperialism led the ordinary European people to believe that they were part of a superior, conquering people. Bismarck used imperial issues to help him find political allies in Germany and once remarked â€Å"all this colonial business is a sham but we need it for the elections.† According to Lawrence James, in the 1890s witnessed a rapid expansion of newspaper readership with the appearance of a new type of daily designed to attract the working and lower middle class. Social Darwinism and missionary intentions are two excuses that are used to justify European imperialism in Africa. Rudyard Kipling characterized the Africans as â€Å"sullen, new caught peoples, half devil and half child.† The Europeans believed it to be their duty to civilize the wild savage Africans. Liberalism, which may be defined as a dedication to self-improvement and the belief that there were discoverable rules of general conduct that everyone could follow, contributed to the paternal manner in which Europe acted and arguments of racial and cultural superiority that pushed Europeans into  Africa to ‘civilize’ the local populations. Lawrence James states that nations who had now reached the highest stage of civilization were taking control over those which had lagged behind, or races, like the Asante, who were not seen as fit to control their own affairs. In an issue of the Dublin Review in the late nineteenth century it was stated that â€Å"The future of Africa under any form of European tutelage must be better than the dark and evil nightmare of the past†. These Social Darwinists were able to persuade the natives that what was being done was to their ultimate benefit. According to Derrick Murphy et al, there existed the idea that imperialism was a moral duty as a means of spreading Western civilization and Christian values. Many Europeans bought this excuse while others did not. Africans were forced to adopt the Christian religion. In some cases they were killed for continuing to practice their own faiths. Some historians believe that the whole motive for Christian evangelism in Africa was simply to disrupt and destroy and that it was always politically motivated. First, missionaries were brought to the continent. Secondly, after some natives were converted and there was a considerable amount of confusion among them, the troops were sent to exploit them. Their main intention was to divide to control. According to an African chieftain â€Å"The white man is very clever. He came quietly and peaceably with his religion. We were amused at his foolishness and allowed him to stay. Now he has won our brothers and our clan can no longer act like one. He has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart.†Various factors attracted European imperialism to Africa in the later nineteenth century. Europe was changing and their colonial empires were associated with the ideas of national greatness and the survival of the fittest. This caused a massive drive for empires. There was a yearning for raw materials, national power and prestige. Each nation which possessed a colonial territory also possessed a sense of superiority. Bibliography 1.) Chambers Mortimer, Hanawalt Barbara, Rabb Theodore, Woloch Isser, Grew Raymond, The Western Experience, 1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., United States of America2.) James Lawrence, ‘The White Man’s Burden’? Imperial Wars in the 1890s’ Spielvogel Jackson, Western Civilization, Mc Graw Hill, Connecticut, 1999(pgs 100-105)3.) Levack Brian, Muir Edward, Maas Michael, Veldman Meredith, The West, Encounters and Transformations, 2004, Pearson Education Inc., United States of America4.) Miller Stuart, Mastering Modern European History, 1997, Palgrave, United Kingdom, Hampshire5.) Murphy Derrick, Morris Terry, Europe 1870-1991, 2000, Harper Collins Publishers LTD, United Kingdom, England6.) ‘The Church as a Tool of Imperialism’

Tuesday with Morrie response

â€Å"Tuesday with Morris† Is structured at first. Like a school's hand book, then It changes to a diary. Unlike the fiction work, chapters are not labeled one, two, three, and four. Instead, the first chapter was called â€Å"The Syllabus† which is an introduction to Morris, the author's college professor, a significance figure in this book. The second chapter was called â€Å"The Student†, the chapter title refers to the author, who is the student of Morris's.It continues as â€Å"The Orientation† â€Å"The Classroom† â€Å"Taking Attendance†, these chapters tells us about the life of the author after the last time he'd seen Morris (after the author graduated). The author would insert a short conversation in italic text at the end of each chapter about the past conversation he used to have with Morris while he was a college student. The chapter changed into a diary structure after the author met Morris accidentally. He had learn that Morris was dying from a disease called SSL.The author started seeing Morris every Tuesday and he wrote down what they had converse about: â€Å"The First Tuesday We Talk About the World†. The Second Tuesday We Talk About Feeling Sorry for Yourself† and so on†¦ The author's tone was as calm as his dying teacher. The content of the book itself is already interesting. The reader wants to know why and how Morris could stay so positively happy and serene while the disease is making him unable to wipe his behind. It differs from fiction novel because we already know the ending (Morris is going to die) but we still keep on reading.Annie,2 Is the writer trying to elicit a certain response from the reader? Place this memoir in a cultural context and examine the social issues the author offers commentary on, either directly or indirectly. What argument is the writer making? Has this reading altered or enhanced your view of any particular social Issues? The social/culture issue is presented very clearly in this book. Morris and Album (the author) had had diverse discussions about life and the society they were living in. Album is trying to make us question ourselves: what we really need and what is the meaning of our life.Morris said that we all are so busy with our lives we forget what's really the important part of It. For example, the society is brainwashed by having the Idea In their head that owning things Is good. More money, more property, more otherwise, they have no perspective of what is really important anymore. People who goes around keep buying things and boasting around, Morris takes them as people who are â€Å"so hungry for love that they were accepting substitutes†(125,Album). But not money nor power can be substitute for tender and care.People are lost with their own meaning of life they are depending that on the society. They don't cry because the society says it's not okay to be weak, and they feel ashamed because the society makes them feel ashamed. People haven't found their meaning of lives, that's why hey keep running. The next car, the next house, the next Job, then it empties and they have to keep on running. They forget to be present of the actual purpose of being: a meeting with a lost friend but they're thinking about their work, or someone coming for an advice and after listening to them they go â€Å"Uh-huh†.The writer is trying to tell us that the society is lacking love, and not a lot of people had found their meaning of life, until they do, they will stop chasing things and finally be happy with the present. After reading this book, it had effect on me and enhanced my view of his social issue more. I now understood more to issue of why people act in such ways. Annie,3 Explore techniques the writer utilizes in developing character throughout the text. Include discussion of a memorable scene in the book that reveals character and explore how this scene relates to the whole of the text.Album' s technique of developing character is to mention us the same thing every chapter: emphasizing Morris's sick condition. Since the first day they had met accidentally and through out every Tuesday Album had met with Morris, he will always emphasize Morris's SSL condition. The day Album accidentally met his teacher; he was embarrassed to see him and actually bending down to hide. The first Tuesday, Album describes to us how bad Morris's condition was, and it got worst after many Tuesdays. Not only Morris's condition was mentioned, but Album's feelings toward it were also there.On the Eleventh Tuesday, we could see how Morris had affect Album deeply: â€Å"Morris's physical therapist had come earlier in the day, and I usually excused myself when nurses or specialists had business with him. But as the weeks passed and our time ran down, I was increasingly less self-conscious about he physical embarrassment. I wanted to be there. I wanted to observe everything. This was not like me, but then, neither were a lot of things that had happened these last few months in Morris's house† (1 53, Album). He was telling us that he had developed through out the book.The change of Album's thoughts toward Morris's condition is a clear character development. This scene shows us a new kind guy, not embarrassed by anything, which differs from the guy we first met in the start of the book. Morris had changed him and his view on many things. Album was actually impairing his present self to his previous self by saying â€Å"this was not like me†. Album was very successful in using the control group (Morris's condition) and giving us his feelings towards it so we could see the change happening inside him, a brilliant character development technique.Discuss how the writer's experiences have affected and shaped her/his views. Album had his first encounter with death, not with Morris, but via his favorite uncle. His uncle, as he describe, is a very important person in his lif e. His uncle died from a heart attack and it said to have changed Album entirely. He stopped writing songs, stopped dreaming of becoming a musician, stopped going to parties and turned to school instead. He earned a Counselors degree and took the first Job offer: sports writer.He ended up being someone he didn't want to be, a person who's writing about other people's dreams instead of chasing his own. He lived a lonely life, and said his friends he knew in college had lost touch with him. His Jobs gets better, though, earning more salary and he starts owning things. He got a wife, but never had a family. He buried himself in accomplishments, because he believed that he loud control things and could squeeze every bit of happiness out before he died like his uncle. His life stayed busy that way until he was reminded of Morris.Album's life seems to be normal like everyone else, busy. He was the person who Morris had talk about; rushing to find their meaning of life. Album was walking r ight pass his true happiness, as what Morris had pointed out. He never saw the world in Morris's point of view. He had embrace his uncle's death as something totally miserable where else Morris accepted it welcome. It was because of the hardliner Album had had, and Morris pointing loving things out to him;how things he view as â€Å"happiness† turns out to be fake (his mansion, the society he lives in, his Job) and him taking things as granted (his wife).Morris had changed his perspective in a positive way. Annie,5 Memoirs, in some way, typically contain coming of age stories addressing the quest to discover or define a person. Elements may include family, friendship, community, home, culture, values, education, rebellion, travel, politics†¦ What does â€Å"coming of age† mean to your author? At first, Album's quest of his life is to be happy with the life he was living. Making lots of money, work hard on his Journalism Job; try to get wealthier and wealthier. Mor ris, however, had changed his point of view entirely.Morris had told Album the key happiness is not buying new things to satisfy you, or owning more things so you could be above other people. We put our values in the wrong things and it leads us to having a delusional lives. You don't have to listen to the society in order to be happy. Morris reminds Album that you will always be in control of your own happiness, don't let the media delude you, don't let people around you deceive you with their rich social status. Social status or money earns you nowhere because in the end, we all die.Those two things cannot be a substitute for care and tender. Be clear that the quest of Album's life had changed and its elements include: family, friendship, home, love. He had tried to contact his cancer-fighter brother who left the family and flew to Spain for recovery. Even if his brother told him he doesn't want to talk, he still has a good faith within himself and did not regret contacting him at all. After spending plenty of Tuesdays with Morris, â€Å"Coming of age† to Album means to build a little community of those you love and who love you.

Lab5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lab5 - Essay Example The coal is received in chunk form and is then crushed into powder and blown into a burner where it combusts and produces heat of about 1000 degrees. The heat made is used to heat water into steam. The steam is then used to revolve the blades of a turbine. The turning motion then generates electricity by releasing electrons into a circuit (exp.lcc.edu). The smoke seen is coming from the plant is actually the gases of combustion e.g. carbon dioxide. According to (Edward & Grossman, 18) the two major concerns of burning coal includes pollution caused by emissions of contaminants like sulfur dioxide nitrogen oxides and mercury. To control this kind of gas pollution, the plant uses electrostatic precipitators that have electrically charged plates and wires. These are used to attract airborne contaminates as the hot air passes through it thus controlling pollution of the atmosphere (exp.lcc.edu). The cost of electricity usually depends on the number of people living in a house. My bill shows that we pay $1.50 per day for electricity. This cost can be reduced by turning off the lights when, not in use, also using energy saving light bulbs and electronics that are in good working condition in the house. The Lansing Board is a plant that supplies drinking water, fire protection and electricity to the citizens of Lansing. The board is a municipally owned utility, and it is different since it is a public utility and the customers own the system. The citizens of Lansing own the plant since they are the plant’s customers. The plant does not make any profit a quality that also makes it different from other power producing plants (lbwl.com). To conserve water, I would fix leaking faucets and use a cup when brushing teeth. A lot of water usually goes to waste when brushing since we leave the water running the whole time. Using a cup saves water that could otherwise be

WHO considers vaccination to be a primary intervention in the Essay

WHO considers vaccination to be a primary intervention in the preventation of disease and promotion of wellbeing - Essay Example Immunology commences as a component of microbiology; in fact, this is a study of infections illnesses to which the human body responds to have a significant role in establishment of immunology (WHO, 2012). Apparently, immunology entails a concept of germ theory, which is related to a disease contributing to the field of immunology. On the other hand, vaccination involves biological measures, which are derived from living organisms (WHO, 2012). In this case, these measures are aimed at enhancing immunity against disease, prevent diseases through prophylactic vaccines, or offer treatment for illnesses through therapeutic vaccines (Hanekom, 2005, 21). These vaccines are in liquid form, which is injected, orally administered or through intranasal routes. Vaccines entail disease causing microorganism or components, which are administered into the human body. 2. Outline three Countries considered high risk for diseases transmission and the approx % persons travelling to these Countries eac h year (using WHO). The economic conditions in developing countries makes a third of the population, which is approximately 1.3 billion to live on low daily incomes that is below the poverty line of one dollar (WHO, 2012). There are other problems involving children malnourishment; in fact a fifth of these children are not immunized after a period of one year. Furthermore, 30% of the world’s population suffers due to inaccessibility to essential treatment (WHO, 2012). Therefore, there are numerous people living below the poverty line and this leads to increased negligence towards dangerous infectious diseases, and due this reason some diseases have gained ground (Pashine, Valiante & Ulmer, 2005, 63). There are nations whose citizens are suffering significantly suffered from consequences of neglecting these diseases (Burton and Murray, 2011, 164). In addition, this problem is aggravated by increasing mass population movement over the years. Some of the countries considered to have a high risk for diseases transmission by WHO include counties in located along the yellow fever belt of Africa and South America. Source: World Health Organization (WHO) WHO (2012) argues that there has been increasing number of planes travelling to and from these places with airline passengers. For instance number of passengers travelling has increased from 2 million since 1950 to over 1.4 billion in the present days among counties in located along the yellow fever belt of Africa and South America (WHO, 2012). Therefore, this makes transmission of illnesses to be in a matter of hours. Numbers of air travel have increased, thereby leading to increased chances of people transporting diseases from continents from one country to the other in few hours. In this case, this poses a threat of deadly diseases to different countries. This has led to recommendations made by World Health Organization (WHO, 2012, 204), indicating that vaccinations are supposed to be administered routinely to infants. In fact, World Health Organization (WHO, 2012, 204) argues that infants, who live in these locations, should be vaccinated and other people who are planning to travel to these countries. These countries have been regarded to be in highly risk situation posed yellow fever due to is viral nature associated with haemorrhagic disease and increased fatality rate. On the other hand, the recognition of the implications of the public health has increasingly dwindled over the years. For instance, there were cases of Ebola reported in 1996, whereby health workers were infected by patients who had visited the country to seek medical services after an outbreak in Gabon. There are initiatives that have been established in South African government

Sociology - What is the difference betweex sex and gender How is this Essay

Sociology - What is the difference betweex sex and gender How is this distinction made - Essay Example Sex was â€Å"nature† and gender was â€Å"nurture†. In the language of Sociology, gender roles replaced sex roles, as gender represented more accurately than sex the social construction of identities and roles dividing societies into women and men. Sex and gender were interdependent, but clearly distinguished. Gender was social, thus variable and subject to change, while sex represented the essential and unchanging physical differences in human reproduction. An implicit causal link existed between sex and gender (Acker, 1992; Wilson, 1989). Feminist sociologists (e.g. Rossi, 1984) who took a biosocial view of gender, saw gender behaviour at least in part, as physiologically determined. They posited a clear distinction and a causal link between sex and gender. However, Acker (1992) states that variations in actions and feelings among both men and women, as well as similarities between women and men seemed too great, to permit the tracing of behaviour to biological differences. On the other hand, according to Butler (2005: 48), â€Å"because gender is fundamentally a way in which we make sense of ourselves as embodied creatures, no investigation of gender can allow itself to be carried too far off from the body. Gender reminds us that our bodies are not merely tools that we use to various ends. Our bodies are ourselves; their gender has a meaning and a value that is not merely instrumental†. In current usage gender is theorized as a basic principle of social structure and cultural interpretation (Scott, 1986; Acker, 1988). According to Unger (1979), gender refers to the traits and behaviors considered characteristic of and appropriate to members of each sexual category. These may be physiological, biosocial or environmental. In explaining gender as a constitutive element of social relationships, Scott (1986) emphasizes that â€Å"gender operates in multiple fields, including culturally