Rates of Reaction Investigation :: Papers

Paces of Reaction Investigation Point - We are attempting to perceive what impact changing light force has on the volume of oxygen created. Expectation - Photosynthesis is the place a plant utilizes daylight, carbon dioxide and water to create oxygen and glucose. The condition for this is: Carbon dioxide = water ====== glucose = oxygen I anticipate that as the light is set further away from the plant the measure of oxygen created will diminish. The elements that will influence the pace of photosynthesis are the measure of daylight, the measure of carbon dioxide and water. These influence the pace of photosynthesis since they are the primary variables. Temperature additionally influences the rate of photosynthesis in light of the fact that the compounds quit working when the temperature turns out to be excessively high. The proteins likewise work better at a hotter temperature than at a colder temperature in light of the fact that the particles move quicker. This implies the quicker moving particles crash into each other more. The more they impact the quicker the pace of photosynthesis. The main plants that can photosynthesize are plants that are green. The plants that are green contain the shade chlorophyll can photosynthesize. In the wake of entering the leaf through the stomata the carbon dioxide is caught. The stomata in the leaf control how much water and carbon dioxide are allowed in and how much oxygen and glucose is discharged. The water is helped through the xylem from the roots and it is caught in the chloroplasts. At the point when the light hits the leaf its vitality is caught and used to break the bonds in the water also, carbon dioxide. This implies the two mixes are being part into their components. The components of carbon dioxide, hydrogen and oxygen change to make the compound glucose and atoms of oxygen. A restricting variable is one, which won't change so it is constrained. The factor that I am going to change is light force. This is the fundamental factor that will influence the pace of photosynthesis. The more light there is the more oxygen that will be delivered.

The Notebook Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Notebook - Research Paper Example This specific scene, â€Å"It’s Not Over,† shows up in the second 50% of the film and again is on the water, a reasonable setting. The couple, Noah and Allie, has been isolated for a long time, however now they are brought together and spend an enthusiastic end of the week reacquainting themselves with the reasons they experienced passionate feelings for years back and finding the turns in occasions that have kept them separated. The water isn't red this time, nor is the water quiet, however uneven and the breeze blows through youthful Allie’s hair. It starts to rain and she attempts to secure herself with a drying towel, which plainly isn’t going to help as the downpour turns into a deluge. Noah snickers at her wobbly endeavor to shield herself from the deluge. As in the initial scene of the film, in â€Å"It’s Not Over,† there are the components of a paddle boat and a lake. In the initial scene, be that as it may, the waters are serene, proposing a quiet circumstance, until further notice. The general shading of the film’s opening scene is in red tones, recommending that the quiet and harmony isn't intended to last, however that the characters will encounter choppiness sooner or later. In the film’s opening, the grown-up Noah, played by James Garner, is paddling the vessel on the red, however quiet waters. The red shading cast on the water is likewise utilized later in a portion of the apparel worn by Allie. As the film unfurls, we discover that the shading red is emblematic of Allie’s extremely energetic nature which firmly impacts their relationship. The rejoined sweethearts are upbeat on the water, however as the tempest follows and they arrive at the dock, unexpressed feelings spout forward and Allie asks Noah for what valid reason he never kept in touch with her. The sky is dull and blustery, and the sweethearts getting doused. The weather’s components all summon the passionate peak of the scene. We find in the scene’s serene start, the sweethearts in their vessel. It is over the lake from the camera, a widescreen shot demonstrating the characters in

Code Switching and Code Mixing

Information is Power: How To Buy A Computer Purchasing a PC can be as troublesome as purchasing a vehicle. Regardless of how much one explores, what number of sellers an individual visits, and how much bartering an individual has done on the value, he despite everything may not be actually sure that he has gotten a decent arrangement. There are valid justifications for this vulnerability. PCs change at a lot quicker rate than some other sort of item. A two-year-old vehicle will consistently get an individual where he needs to go, however a two-year-old PC may be totally insufficient for his needs. Additionally, the normal individual isn't in fact sufficiently adroit to settle on an educated choice on the best processor to purchase, the correct size for a hard drive, or how much memory the person in question actually needs. Because purchasing a PC can be befuddling doesn't mean one should toss up his hands and put himself helpless before some sales rep who may not know a lot more than he does. In the event that one would follow a couple of fundamental rules, he could be guaranteed of settling on an astute buy choice. A PC has just one reason; to run programs. A few projects require more registering power than others. So as to make sense of how amazing a PC the purchaser needs, in this way, an individual should initially figure out which programs he needs to run. For some purchasers, this makes an issue. They can't purchase a PC until they realize what they need to do with it, yet they can't generally know all of the utilizations there are for a PC until they own one. This issue isn't as intense as it appears, be that as it may. The buyer ought to go to his neighborhood PC store, also, take a gander at the product that is accessible. Most projects clarify their base equipment necessities directly on the container. In the wake of taking a gander at a couple of bundles, it ought to be quite obvious to the shopper that any mid-extend framework will run 99% of the accessible programming. An individual should just need a best in class framework for proficient applications, for example, visual computerization, video creation, or building. Programming will in general fall behind equipment, since it's composed to contact the most stretched out conceivable crowd. A program that lone deals with the quickest Pentium Pro framework has constrained deals potential, so most projects written in 1985 work fine and dandy on a quick '486, or a section level Pentium framework. More significantly, not many projects are improved to exploit a Pentium's power. That implies that regardless of whether the customer pays a huge premium for the quickest

How To Write A Law Essay Like A Pro - .com

So, you are on your way to becoming a lawyer. But, have you mastered the art of law essay writing? If you find yourself getting stuck on your law essays, you will find helpful. Read on to learn how to write a law paper.We have prepared a comprehensive set of tips to help you write a law paper.Choosing a law essay topic: keep it relevantThere are two ways to make your law essay relevant: answer the question or the prompt you were given and provide context for your essay (you are your own arguments) in your introduction.Making a law essay relevant does not mean that it should always tackle a social justice issue. Rather, it should directly and clearly answer the question or the task posed by your law professor. Many law professors complain that law students often ramble in their essays, which results in long, aimless essays. Rambling in your essaysthat is, writing without a clear structure or outline in mindonly undermines the quality and authority of your argument.The solution is to nip it right in the bud: make sure to state your thesis or your argument in the introduction of your essay. This is perhaps one of the most common tips for writing an introduction for any type of essay. But law school needs you to take it a notch higher. Your thesis should present a logical, well-reasoned thesis and make sure that you connect it back to the law. Connecting your answer to the law demonstrates not only your knowledge of the law but also your ability to think critically and apply it to a real-life situation.Our second tip is one of the most important law essay introduction tips: provide context for your essay. That means that you should first explain the situation and/or the issue at hand before presenting your proposition. This will guide your reader on the facts of the case, which as you know is crucial in law. Furthermore, it will show your professor that you have read the case and have thought about it sufficiently.Pre-writing: ResearchIt is a given that you should conduct your research before writing any essay. In law, you need to read and re-read the facts of the case or the question being asked, and then research the laws and other relevant cases to help you make your own case. Make sure that you understand the assignment correctly. Part of your research could be brainstorming with your classmates to ensure better understanding of the assignments and of the materials, and most importantly, of the laws you will talk about.One more thing you should consider is the kind of reference you are required to use. If your law professor does not specify the type of references, make sure that you do not just rely on one type of source. Employ a combination of primary (e.g. interviews, cases, legal readings), secondary (e.g. textbooks, editorials, articles), and tertiary sources (e.g. encyclopedias, legal page websites). Most importantly, cite your sources properly!The legal essay formatAs with any piece of written work, when you write law essays, it i s best to first make an outline. This will keep your thoughts structured and keep you from straying while you write about something as complex as, for instance, a business law essay. While it is advisable to follow the typical legal research outline format of Introduction-Body-Conclusion, focusing on the ideas and how to organize them makes the process of writing better.There is really no one rule on how to write a law essay as it all depends on the topic and on your writing style. However, there are typical law answer formats. So, if you are being asked to define the word law, your essay will still need to have an introduction, a body, and a conclusion, but you will not have to talk about the details of a case. Rather, you will devote time in defining the word and the process of passing a law.If you are being asked to write about Mens Rea in criminal law, for instance, you will have to take a different path from above. You will have to first define Mens Rea and refer to various con clusions of law with regard to Mens Rea.Writing the draftOnce you have done sample research and analysis, and have done your legal research paper outline, you can proceed with writing your first draft. While writing, keep your outline in sight so that you can stay on track.Take note that this is just the first draft. Your paper will likely go through 2 or 3 drafts before it becomes ready for submission. Do not ever assume that you can submit your first draft. Even if you followed your criminal law essay outline, your first draft is always going to turn out badly.Make sure that the paragraphs are focused. Each point in your legal research outline format should have their own paragraphs. More complex points may take more than one paragraph. In any case, make sure that the topic of each paragraph is clear to your research by employing topic sentences.Another common misconception among law students is that they need to write in long, complex sentences to sound knowledgeable. More often than not, long sentences become confusing and fail to deliver the message. Long sentences are not forbidden, of course, as long as they are understandable. Do not try to squeeze in too many ideas in one sentence. Do not be afraid to break down your thoughts into multiple short sentences.The legal research paper formatA legal essay follows a specific format. Some professors require the typical APA or MLA citation style, but others require Bluebook or OSCOLA. The latter two are more commonly used in law school since they were specifically made for law essays. So, if you want to write for law school, you should familiarize yourself with these two. There are many law essay examples that you can use to help with your law school paper format. You should pay attention to font, spacing, margins, and headers. Be mindful of the pages in law cases as you need to cite those, too.Likewise, you need to meet the word count specified by your professor. You may go above (unless otherwise stated), bu t keep it at 10%. However, never submit to class a legal essay that is below the required word count.Revising the essayIt was mentioned earlier that you should not submit your first draft ever. Your essay will have to go through two to three revisions before it becomes presentable. If you want to maximize the time you will devote to revising your essay, it is advisable that you take some rest after writing. This guarantees that you have fresh eyes during the revision, which will enable you to see the flaws in your law essay. When you revise your essay, ask yourself these things:Does your essay address the prompt?Re-read the prompt and see if your thesis statement and essay actually address them. Sometimes, your understanding of the prompt may even change a little. If you think this difference is crucial, then incorporate this in your essay as well.Does your thesis statement clearly present your arguments?In addition to addressing the prompt, your thesis statement should present the arguments you will present in the essay. It should be easy to understand and free of grammatical errors, too.Are your arguments logically sound?Question the strength of your arguments by trying to think of counterarguments. If your arguments can withstand counterarguments, then they are good to go. If not, try to patch up any loopholes you find.Did you connect your arguments to the law?Check also if the connections are strong and well-explained.Are your ideas organized well?Make sure that your ideas are presented in a logical manner, with all the connections well laid out for your reader. Always assume that your reader is not as familiar with the topic as you, so you need to spell out relevant details clearly.Is your essay coherent?All the details of your essay must make a full circle and relate to the thesis statement. Similarly, your arguments must not undermine each other.Did you cite your sources properly?Avoid unintentional plagiarism by double-checking all your sources. Any an d all ideas that are not considered general knowledge and were not your own should be cited. Did you correctly follow OSCOLA or Blue Book? Did you include the page where laws you cited appeared?Check the minor details, too.Did you meet the word count? Trim down your word count or add more as necessary. What about other minor instructions, were you able to do all of them?Use these questions as a checklist when you revise your law essay or any essay for that matter. Make sure to go through from page one of your legal essay up to the reference page.Proofreading the legal essayProofreading your essay is the last step of the revision process. Before starting with this, you might want to take a breather. Take a break from writing so that you canproofread and revise with fresh eyes. Conversely, you may ask someone, like a friend orroommate, to read your legal essay for you. This should be someone you trust will give you honest comments. They can point out to you parts that are not clear, l oopholes in your arguments, and grammatical or typing errors you may have committed.Once your friend or classmate has proofread your essay, go through the essay thoroughly yourself. This is also your chance to make sure that all your references were properly cited. Doing this will minimize errors and greatly improve the quality of your law essay.Law essay writing helpWe have carefully prepared these steps and tips to help you write a great legal essay. All of these are equally crucial to writing an A+ essay, so make sure to follow each step and consider our tips. Create an outline first before writing your essay. Remember to check if your thesis statement is strong enough and addresses the prompt, check the soundness of your arguments, make sure that your essay is organized and coherent, and finally, make sure that you cited all your sources accordingly.However, if you feel that the essay you have written needs extra boost, feel free to contact us here at . We are a ghostwriting ser vice company, which includes a legal essay writing service that aims to provide academic help to all students, including law students. We have carefully studied the process of effective legal essay writing, and thus can provide you the best assistance with your law essay writing. If you feel that you need help with how to write a great law essay, you can head on to our website for custom essay help. You can ask us to help you with legal research paper outlines, coursework, case briefs, legal essays, or any other law assignment writing you need.

Top Mopey 80s Songs of Self-Absorption

Same Sex Marriage Is Right Or Wrong - 979 Words

In recent years, the topic of whether same-sex marriage is right or wrong has created a controversy. People should not feel coerced to agree with something they believe is wrong; clearly, same-sex marriage is immoral and unnatural. Many complications come with same-sex marriages including financial pressures, social pressures, moral pressures, and health risks. Many people believe in a traditional marriage between a man and a woman. God created man and woman to be faithful, produce children, and replenish the Earth; therefore, this can’t be accomplished in a homosexual society. Same-sex marriage is contrary to the word of God and the laws of nature; therefore, it is incompatible with the beliefs, sacred texts, and traditions of many religious groups. Many biblical scriptures talk about the immorality of same-sex relationships. For example, Leviticus 18:22 states, â€Å"Thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind: it is abomination†. Marriage is a privilege, not a right. It is not correct to redefine marriage away from the original meaning. The founders of Chick-fil-a took a stand on their Christian beliefs and closed their stores nationwide on Sundays allowing their employees to attend church and spend time with their families. They also created a media frenzy by taking a stand against same-sex marriage with an unprecedented amount of support from the straight community. It was extremely difficult and took quite some time to successfully legalize same-sex marriage inShow MoreRelatedWhy Same Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1478 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Same Sex Marriage Shouldn’t be Allowed Why shouldn’t Same Sex Marriage legalized? Number one why would you want more gay couples walking around and getting married? It flat out is just not right at all. No matter if same sex marriage is legal or illegal it will never be okay on any circumstance. Marriage has always been between A Man and Woman not two guys and two girls. Marriage should stay the same, it should not be legalized, they’re just too many wrongs to it and it is not acceptable. TheRead MoreGod Hates Same Sex Marriage Essay978 Words   |  4 Pages Marriage is a precious gift given from the good lord up above. Marriage is a privilege that should be allowed to only a man and a woman. In the bible there are many scriptures that back up my opinion on marriage, and none of the scriptures say same sex marriage is okay. In this modern day and age people are altering the definition of marriage. People are trying to add between a man and a man or between a woman and a woman. The importance of my topic is to keep the original definitionRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Is An Emerging Issue852 Words   |  4 PagesSame sex marriage is an emerging issue in the USA. This issue has gained a lot of debate on levels of federal and state governments. Referring to the context of legislations and judiciary same sex is declared legal in various states of the country. In contrast various states have their own laws and constitutional amendments which restrict people from same sex marriage. Variations at the state level rise ambiguities and questions about these unions being valid or not if contracted outside the jurisdictionRead MorePro Gay Marriage Essay807 Words   |  4 Pagesand religiously wrong. For millions of people all around the world that’s the harsh reality. Times are changing in the world that we live in today however discrimination against gay and lesbian couples is still a frequent issue with only 13 countries that fully legalise and recognise gay marriage with full equality. The most common argument for people being against gay marriage is that it’s â€Å"not natural† for two people of the same sex to have a marriage. Opponents of gay marriage make out thatRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article 10 Reasons Why Homosexual Marriage Should Not Be Opposed By Tfp Student Action1290 Words   |  6 PagesArticle â€Å"10 Reasons Why Homosexual â€Å"Marriage† is Harmful and Must be Opposed† by TFP Student Action the group lays out ten points on why it believes homosexual marriage is not only wrong but is harmful to society. The article gives 10 reasons why same-sex marriage is wrong: it is not marriage, it violates natural law, it always denies a child either a father or a mother, it validates and promotes the homosexual lifestyle, it turns moral wrong into a civil rights, it does not create a family but aRead MoreSame-sex Marriage553 Words   |  3 PagesWhile many people oppose same-sex marriage, there are really no valid reasons ag ainst it. If your daughter told you she wanted to marry another woman because she loved her and it would make her completely happy, would you oppose it? If you really think it through, you might find its not as easy to answer the question as you thought. First lets look at some of the common reasons against same-sex marriage. One of the reasons someone might give against same-sex marriage is that it goes againstRead MoreGay Marriage Should Not Be Denied Service1457 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves as Christian businesses and refuse to cater to gay marriages. They do this based on their belief that gay marriage is wrong, and against their faith, and because of this they can’t provide their services or they would be supporting it. In Indiana, a small town pizzeria was asked what their position was on the Religious Restoration Freedom act, and stated that they were a Christian establishment and could not cater to gay marriages. However they would serve gay people and couples in their storeRead MoreThe Controversy Over Same-Sex Marriages861 Words   |  3 Pagesit would be wrong for society to accept marriages between same-sex couples. The masses express confusion regarding the homosexual community and individuals are generally inclined to discriminate homosexuals. While some consider that marriage i s not actually an important thing and it is irrelevant whether or not a gay couple unites through official means, recent events show otherwise and it is apparently very important for a homosexual couple to have access to the institution of marriage in order forRead MoreWhat is homosexuality? Homosexuality is the romantic or sexual attraction or sexual behavior900 Words   |  4 Pagesbehavior between members of the same sex or gender. What is same sex marriage? Same sex marriage is marriage between two people of the same sex. The legal recognition of same-sex marriage or the possibility to perform same-sex marriage is called marriage equality or equal marriage. The recognition of same-sex marriage is a political, social, human rights, civil rights, and religious issue in many nations around the world, and there are continuous debates over whether same-sex couples should be allowedRead MoreThe Issue Of Same Sex Marriage984 Words   |  4 Pageshomosexuals and heterosexuals alike. I t has helped grant homosexuals the ability to get married while also helping or hurting heterosexuals depending on their opinion of whether same-sex marriage is right. Those that support it are praised for their nature of acceptance and understanding, yet those who believe it is wrong, based off of religion or personal morality, are berated by society for being homophobic and inconsiderate of other peoples’ feelings. Society has evolved from being a nation under

Vortioxetine Cognitive In Depressed Adults -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Vortioxetine Cognitive In Depressed Adults? Answer: Introduction According to the information provided by the CBS News, the effect of placebo has proved to be beneficial for patients suffering from depression. However, according to the views of Irving Kirsch, placebos have proved to be effective in curing disorders like bowel syndrome, ulcers and even Parkinsons disease. He emphasized on the topic of Randomized Clinical Trials, where it was observed that individuals suffering from osteoarthritis has undergone knee surgery however, there was no difference. In this case the placebo effect did wonders to the patients suffering from osteoarthritis and proved to be better than the real surgery. In this regard, it is noteworthy to point out the methodological weaknesses that have been associated with the Randomized Controlled Trials while evaluating the importance of placebo. The main weakness that has been highlighted is regarding the usage of placebo controls during clinical trials which are considered to be controversial even today. However, with changing methods and scientific techniques, the use of placebo controls has been permitted by the international ethical guidance and ethical analysis (Hall, Loscalzo and Kaptchuk 2015). The permission has been granted based on the following factors- where no effective treatment has been observed regarding a condition which is the subject matter of current study and when the nature of the treatment can cause negligible risks to the participants (Kakwani and Siddique 2014). In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here that, when there develops irresistible methodological reasons which promotes the use of placebo, in that case the intention of the research is to develop certain interventions. The interventions have to be implemented and therefore the selection of trial participants can be determined. The concept of methodological reasons has proved to be essential in evaluating the importance of placebo effects (Belzung 2014). In this regard, it has been centralized that since time immemorial, Randomized placebo controlled trials has been considered to be an accurate method of assessing the adequacy of the treatment in preventing interventions (Kakwani and Siddique 2014). In modern era the concept and practice of placebo controls has been accepted by the people (Hall, Loscalzo and Kaptchuk 2015). However, such acceptance is limited in case of trial methods where there is no effective treatment for a certain disease. It has been addressed in the transcript that randomized control trials have been raising ethical concerns during the existence of an effective treatment. In this regard, the selection of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) designed. In this context, it can be mentioned that the use of placebo control trials (PCTs) are permitted and has been accepted in cases where there exists no effective intervention for the conditions under examination (Hall, Loscalzo and Kaptchuk 2015). Secondly, the use of placebo has proved to be an effective in treating various discomforts. It is noteworthy to mention here that; placebo has been accepted in treating the treatments related to common headache, ulcers and even osteoarthritis. The use of placebo is also permissible in cases where there arise negative consequences and is left untreated (Leppnen et al. 2014). However, the risks concerned must be negligible and the use of placebo must be treated as an alternative. Justification has been applied to the use of placebo controls in trials of new treatments and also in case of conditions in which the response of both the established treatment and placebo is highly fluctuating. It has been established that, depression is often associated with fluctuating symptoms and is concerned with a placebo response rate which is comparatively high (McIntyre, Lophaven and Olsen 2014). However, it is common to have contradictory evidence of the effectiveness of certified anti-depressants which proved to be superior to the placebo effect in some trials. However, in most of the cases, the use of placebo as a sugar pill proved to be beneficial over the actual anti-depressants. The major methodological weakness is associated with the determination of the drug. Determining a certified anti-depressant and a new drug has proved to be a major challenge. While demonstrating the equality of a new drug with that of an established anti-depressant, it is impossible to come at a conclusion regarding the performance of a particular drug (Walsh et al. 2014). It is difficult to determine that the performance of which drug was better that the placebo in the trial method (McIntyre, Lophaven and Olsen 2014). It was emphasized that similar conditions may arise in case of treatments associated bowel syndrome and Parkinsons disease. In this regard, the use of placebo control may prove to be productive. References: Belzung, C., 2014. Innovative drugs to treat depression: did animal models fail to be predictive or did clinical trials fail to detect effects?.Neuropsychopharmacology,39(5), p.1041. Hall, K.T., Loscalzo, J. and Kaptchuk, T.J., 2015. Genetics and the placebo effect: the placebome.Trends in molecular medicine,21(5), pp.285-294. Kakwani, R. and Siddique, M., 2014. Operative compared with nonoperative treatment of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures: a prospective, randomized, controlled multicenter trial. InClassic Papers in Orthopaedics(pp. 229-231). Leppnen, M., Aaltonen, S., Parkkari, J., Heinonen, A. and Kujala, U.M., 2014. Interventions to prevent sports related injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Sports medicine,44(4), pp.473-486. McIntyre, R.S., Lophaven, S. and Olsen, C.K., 2014. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of vortioxetine on cognitive function in depressed adults.International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology,17(10), pp.1557-1567. Walsh, M., Srinathan, S.K., McAuley, D.F., Mrkobrada, M., Levine, O., Ribic, C., Molnar, A.O., Dattani, N.D., Burke, A., Guyatt, G. and Thabane, L., 2014. The statistical significance of randomized controlled trial results is frequently fragile: a case for a Fragility Index.Journal of clinical epidemiology,67(6), pp.622-628.

Native American Women

Significant development of America depends on the efforts of American nation including the men and women. Beside men, women contributed in the political, economical, social and cultural development of America. Native American men and women both worked side by side with vigorous aspiration. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Native American Women specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In particular, enthusiasm of Native American women is remarkable in the American history as they participated in the war fields, domestic, politics and other activities. This essay shall analyze the changing experiences of Native American Women from the context of the book â€Å"Through Women’s eye: An American History† written by Ellen DuBois and L. Dumenil. This essay shall discuss the prominent factors that affected views and social values of Native American Women in the late nineteenth century, variation of White and Nativ e American women, boarding school experiences of Native American, and attempts of Americanization. In early nineteenth century, lives of Native American women were entirely depend on men and believed in ‘submission to men’. They worked in home to nurture their children and worked less in the fields but still played a dominant role in the family (Dubois Dumenil, 2008). By the end of the nineteenth century, an astonishing change in the lives of native women took place. Christian missionaries encouraged the social mores of the native women. This mainly appreciated their cultural values and developed confidence to interact. Apart of working in homes Native women participated in the wars, economical and political phases of life (Dubois Dumenil, 2008). A value of native women differs on the bases of their cultural activities. White women were urbanized as compared to native women as they were educated and literate whereas the native women belonged to conservative environme nt (Simonsen, 2006). The values of white women and Native women differs on the basis of the work they performed, the white women worked as imperials of domesticity and native women worked as a domestic labor. Native women were more enthusiastic towards participating in wars their work was prominent, but the white women participated in other political activities (Simonsen, 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Native Women lived a life of restrictions because of living bounded life. Going out for boarding schools was impossible and unpredictable experience for them. Native girls were pushed to learn English after the era of war. Even though they attended school, they still had to go through a certain degree of discrimination. Native girls were brought up in a family system where independence and self-sufficiency was considered as a taboo for women (Bari Cayleff, 1993). Native women w ere sent to boarding schools where they were not even allowed to meet their parents at all. Native women had to suffer discrimination as they were sent to work as servants for white people. Consequently, they were treated as savages that appeared as a discouraging manner for them. Boarding school were not a good experience for native women because it somewhat opposed their cultural and traditional rituals (Bari Cayleff, 1993). It has been noted that there are two classes of women who have rather opposed or supported the attempt of Americanization. As a matter of fact, it became to observation that native women greatly opposed the concept of Americanization. The reason behind their opposition was the fact that Americanization did not respect their traditional and cultural values (Bok, 2005). Although they worked besides the white women but still they were victims of discrimination which was a result of Americanization. On the other hand, supporters thought that attempts of America nization can be helpful in excluding discrimination and cultural gaps between people and will provide platform for prosperity (Bok, 2005). References Bari, B., Cayleff, S. (1993). Wings of gauze: women of color and the experience of health and illness. Michigan: Wayne State University Press. Bok, E. (2005). The Americanization of Edward Bok. New York: Cosimo Inc.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Native American Women specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Dubois, E., Dumenil, L. (2008). Through women’s eyes: an American history with documents. Michigan: Bedford/St. Martin’s. Simonsen, J. (2006). Making home work: domesticity and Native American assimilation in the American West, 1860-1919. Carolina: UNC Press Books. This essay on Native American Women was written and submitted by user Leona Deleon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Election of 1876 essays

Election of 1876 essays Why Hayes Should Not Have Won the Election The position of President is the most important position in the United States government. Wouldnt you think that we should have the very best man in that position that we can get? I, Samuel Tilden, feel that the Election of 1876 was a disgrace to the history of our government. I still believe that I should have won that election because of corruption of the voting process itself, he didnt have the organization a president should have and because the people wanted me to win, not Rutherford. I certainly believe that the chosen president should reflect the peoples choice. One reason why Hayes should not be president is because of the Election of 1876 itself. When the votes were counted and sent in to Washington, I was the clear winner; 203 to 165 electoral votes (Haworth 76). However, the vile Republicans decided to change the votes of the three states they still controlled by throwing away Democratic votes! Obviously this isnt how the leaders of the United States should be acting. You cant change what the people want by throwing out votes. Later, when Congress held a meeting to decide whom the winner should be, there was an unfair amount of Republicans over Democrats, so we were bound to lose. We accepted the Compromise of 1877 because another Civil War would not be worth it (Robinson 111). After Hayes became president, he didnt know what to do with his new position. He didnt have the confidence a President of the United States should have. Of course, he had a couple of ideas he wanted to try, such as wiping out the color line and abolishing sectionalism, but his major plans didnt work (Haworth 125). When he assigned a southerner as postmaster general and withdrew troops from the south, the last two Republican states turned Democratic. Hayes was quoted saying, I am reluctantly forced to admit that the experiment was a failure ...

The Conflict between Territorial Integrity and Self-Determination Essay

The Conflict between Territorial Integrity and Self-Determination - Essay Example Such a classic perspective of statehood with respect to territorial integrity has manifested a simmering tension with another international principle. Recent events, equated with the collapse of the USSR, illustrate that the concept of self-determination shows a tendency to conflict with this long-held principle in international law. The embrace of territorial integrity by international law has something to do with international security and stability and there is a gnawing concern that the burgeoning concept of self-determination may pose a challenge to the status quo. Nonetheless, one need not necessarily neutralize or render the other principle void. While territorial integrity still finds relevance in the present times, the world must find a place for self-determination for the purpose of resolving existing conflicts and avoiding the escalation of violence or the eruption of wars. The international community must seek ways to moderate the build-up of tension between these two see mingly contending international principles. Territorial Integrity and Self-Determination: Definition of Concepts The origin of the concept of self-determination can be traced back to the 1789 American Declaration of Independence and later in the 1792 French Declaration. It originally refers to the entitlement endowed to the state by the populace to govern on their behalf with their consent as well as represent them in the international community as a separate, independent and co-equal entity alongside other states (Castellino p.11). Simply put however, self-determination was just perceived as â€Å"the right of nations to sovereign independence† (cited Schwed p. 447) According to the Finnish international law professor Koskenniemi, the concept of national determination can be viewed from two perspectives. The first has a patriotic facet while the other a secessionist element. The first model has a classical or Hobbesean underpinning because it sees the nation as a state and s elf-determination as closely related to the presence or absence of procedural mechanism that the state adopts to allow its citizens to participate in decision-making. Anything outside of this decision-making procedure, therefore, is â€Å"destructive, irrational passion† according to this model (Castellino pp. 9-10). The implication of this perspective is that the state is placed at the center of everything and that self-determination is legitimate only when it preserves the state as an organized body and when it prevents bellum omnium or what Hobbes called â€Å"a war by all against all,† which occurs in the absence of a civilized society (Leviathan Chapter 13). On the other hand, the second model of self-determination has a more romantic underpinning to it as it is largely based on Rousseau’s social contract theory. In this model, procedure is relegated to the background while purpose and goal take center stage. Moreover, this model does not see a nation as me rely an artificial entity, but as an authentic community. Self-determination from this perspective is thus, an expression, rather than a procedure, of the will of the community geared towards the collective good, not necessarily of the state (Castellino pp. 9-10).An example of the classical or Hobbesian model is the Palestinian claim against Israel, while the South Ossenian-Georgia conflict illustrates the romantic or Rousseauesque model. On the other hand, the concept of territorial integrity has underpinnings from the concept of state as a person of international law under the

Case Scenario Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Case Scenario - Assignment Example er or siblings but only his mother and the criminal gangs, is sufficient evidence to say that his social environment compromised his rational thinking to opt joining the criminal gangs hence making this case scenario being in tandem and well explained by the Social Disorganization Theory’. Virginia’s case can be well explained by the theories of Biology, genetics & Evolution, which articulate that the behavior of individuals can be genetical, biologically or evolutionary influenced to make individuals commit crime. Given that either Virginia’s mother or her twin sister have been accused or convicted of a crime, it implies that Virginia’s crime behavior of shoplifting is genetically inherited, hence influencing the choices she makes. Therefore, I can authoritatively say that Virginia was born criminal since this can be identified through her identification or stigmata characteristics. Further, we can say that the processes of natural selection, which result in tendencies of criminal genetics that are passed from generation to generation were inherited by Virginia from her mother, hence giving a good explanation of her twin sister and her criminal behavior. Police have no legal right to storm into your home, house or apartment and start ransacking it without probable cause or warrant unless it an emergency. The criminal defense law 407-894-0055 allows you not to allow police enter into your house without a warrant. However, there are some instances when police do not need a warrant to search your house e.g. in case of plain view or when they want to stop a crime in progress. Therefore, given that the police officers are trained narcotic and drug officers, it is probable that the plant they have recognized would indeed be marijuana. Thus, since they have sufficiently determined beyond reasonable doubt that Lucy is a trafficker, they can, therefore, storm at Lucy’s apartment and search for the incriminating evidence without a warrant. Under the Federal

Communicating with Children Essay Example for Free

Communicating with Children Essay ‘Communication is fundamental to development’ (Crow et al, 2008, p. 11). This essay will therefore critically discuss how certain factors can affect communication and how practitioners may be able to overcome these barriers in their daily practice. It will begin with a definition of communication, and then state some of the different ways we communicate on a daily basis. It will move on to explain the importance of these interactions, and illuminate how cultural, social, environmental and emotional factors can create barriers and affect communication with children. Finally, it will consider ways practitioners can become better at communicating with the children they work with. The word ‘communication’ basically means ‘to share’ and its desired outcome is understanding. It is a part of our basic drive to form relationships and is based on ‘theoretical knowledge, cultural understanding and experience’ (Crow et al, 2008, p. 7). It involves an ‘interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information’ (www. efinitions. net/definition/communication) which are transmitted through body language, ‘touch, listening, tone of voice, gesture, playing, observing, reassuring, explaining [†¦] and reflecting’ (Crow et al, 2008, p. 7). Effective communication can be beneficial to children and their welfare as it allows them to gain an identity, develop psychologically and intellectually, form and sustain social relationships, and express themselves emotionally. However, transmission channels between adults and children are not always straightforward, resulting in barriers to their communication skills which can cause ‘confusion, discriminat[ion], alienat[ion], [†¦] or create problems’ (Crow et al, 2008, p. 7). One such barrier is seen due to cultural differences. Through efficient communication, children learn the social rules of non-verbal communication, which includes body language and gestures. Learning these social rules are essential in order to communicate competently, however, communication is socially constructed, and body language and gestures therefore bear different meanings between and within cultures. The differences within sub-cultures are due to ‘language acquisition, linguistic differences or [a]different mother tongue’ (Crow et al, 2008, p. 30). It is also not uncommon for children to develop their own language and signs through the use of modern technology. This, on the one hand, is a positive aspect of communication, as developing bilingually can lead to future success, and technology allows for innovation and promotes relationships, but, not all children are as resilient as each other, and learning two languages at once, be that spoken or sign language, can confuse them a great deal. New forms of communication can also be confusing for practitioners with little experience of modern technology, which can lead to a reluctance to communicate and socialise, especially between generations. Cultural differences can therefore ‘inhibit as well as influence communication’ (Crow et al,2008, p. 0) with children. Socialisation is of great importance for communication with children. Gerhardt (2004, cited in Crow et a. , 2008, p. 11) claims that it should start from birth because ‘communication between carer and baby plays a key role in the development of the infant’s brain’. These first dydadic relationships and further experiences of socialisation contribute crucially towards a child’s communication progress as they allow for empathic responses, interpretation of non-verbal communication and the understanding of emotions at a later stage. Children who are not communicated with as babies are reported to suffer restricted brain growth and global delay (Crow et al, 2008, p. 12) due to deprivation of social contact and care. This can create a barrier to their acquisition of language. Be that as it may, not all children experience dydadic relationships, and they still learn to communicate. Hart and Risley’s (1995, cited in Crow et al, 2008, p. 12) observational study of communication amongst families suggests that the rate of language acquisition depends on socio-economic status, and that the richer the family, the richer the vocabulary. The nature/nurture debate therefore seems at large here in that babies may have an innate predisposition to learn spoken language but that it is their experience of communication and articulation with key members in their environment that shapes / hinders their capacity to learn. A positive environment can therefore promote communication with children; however, a child’s environment can also be of hindrance in numerous other ways. Children with sensory sensitivities, especially those diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), can face profound barriers which could affect their communication. This is due to difficulty processing everyday sensory information in colourful/lively so called child friendly classrooms. These children, by not being able to cope with all the information surrounding them are likely to become anxious, stressed, cross, or even feel physical pain which can result in challenging behaviour due to their failure to communicate their emotions. There is a clear physiological explanation for this behaviour in that the ‘perception of threat causes the release of the hormones cortisol and adrenalin which block cognitive and memory processes and trigger the fight, flight or freeze reaction’ (Crow et al, 2008, p. 4). It is not only the communication of children diagnosed with ASD that are affected by emotions though. Children who have experienced neglect, abuse or who are being bullied can all suffer in silence. Furthermore, the emotions of practitioners themselves can have an impact on communication with children. If practitioners are angry, sad or not feeling themselves, their emotions and means of logical thinking can become impaired. Practitioners therefore need to find better ways of communicating with children, especially those who face particular barriers on a daily basis. A starting point would be to acclimatise themselves with what ‘studies of communication skills and processes have suggested [†¦] vital to model in work with children’ (Crow et a. , 2008, p. 22), namely expressive skills, listening skills and process skills. Expressive skills are vital to convey messages to others so that they understand what is being communicated. These skills involve facial expressions and body language. Listening skills involve the total opposite to expressive skills, and requires the listener to obtain and understand the messages and information conveyed by the other person. Both these sets of skills are important as they allow the practitioner to understand how they come across to others and to read emotions. Process skills are needed to manage communication, and they essentially help the practitioner to make appropriate choices, retrieve information/ knowledge or collect necessary tools in an orderly manner in order to interact with a child. Practitioners need to be very aware of their expressive skills and distinctive use of language, especially in light of cultural diversity. As Valerie Daniel (The Open University, 2013 a) stated, ‘body language says a lot’, and alongside gesture, it bears distinct meanings between cultures. Eye contact is one significant area of concern. It is one of the most forthright modes of communication, and where and how you look at someone can alter the interaction. Staring at someone you are communicating with can cause that person to feel uneasy, yet it is important to look at him/her in order to show that you are paying attention. Some cultures however discourage eye contact all together, and claim it is a form of rudeness. Particular use of language can also cause distinctions between children, for example one black pupil commented that ‘around the school when it’s white boys it’s a group but when it’s black boys it’s a gang and I think it’s wrong’(London Department Agency, 2004 cited in Crow et al, 2008, p. 16). It is important therefore that practitioners take care in their use of language as what people hear influences their perception (Kay and Kempton, 1984, cited in Crow et al, 2008, p. 5), and perceptions and understanding shape’s the experience of other’s. Practitioners therefore should use their process skills to gain cultural knowledge in order to be aware of the different implications of expressions and language before judging the actions of a child, as judgments are always based on personal experience. In doing so they can develop a rapport based on respect, and open up communication pathways so that children can ‘develop their own communication skills and [†¦] understanding of their society and culture’ (Crow et a. , 2008, p. 1) As communication methods develop, experience indicates that practitioners need to prioritise ways of communicating their services through modern technology. According to Turner (2003, cited in Crow et al, 2008, p. 11), one attribute children saw in an inadequate practitioner was that they are not interested. It is therefore important for practitioners to engage as much as possible with children and young people’s interests in order to get them to participate and communicate openly, rather than become introvert due to frustration over lack of understanding. Some may argue that ‘information technology is damaging children’s ability to communicate articulately and effectively’ (Crow et al. , 2008, p. 38). Nonetheless, as Vikki Butler (The Open University, 2013, b) suggests, ‘no one wants to participate in something that’s not relevant to them’, and in today’s technological age, it is modern technology that is embedded in children’s lifeworlds. Despite lack of training opportunities and funding, practitioners need to find a way of familiarising themselves with children’s culture. Children in turn will learn to respect practitioners for their interest and for not dismissing their innovative skills (Crow et al, 2008, p. 38), allowing communication and socialisation through the formation of collaborations. Providing opportunities for socialisation through group interactions could further develop practitioners’ communication with the children they work with as it allows the chance to ask open ended questions, which demand reactions longer than single word answers. Practitioners must not however ask too many questions in their quest to extend learning, as children tend to become wary and refuse to open up. Practitioners must also make use of their listening skills by listening to the child’s intent as well as content, not interrupting them and reflecting empathetically on their answers in order to show the child that they are interested in what they have to say. A group interaction such as circle time is a good method to improve both children’s and practitioner’s communication. It must be based on interests though because when ‘children are interested in what they do, [ ] you will be surprised at what they achieve’ (Valerie Daniel, The Open University, 2013, a). Ground rules of considerate communication must be set however, and these could be negotiated together as a group, but in the long run could result in helping children with their concentration, taking turns to speak, thinking before expressing their thoughts and listening to each other, essential skills of communication for all, especially those who missed out on being spoken to as babies. Practitioners can also provide younger children the chance to communicate and socialise through play. Play allows the practitioner a myriad of opportunities to gain knowledge regarding a child’s understanding of the world (Crow et al, 2008, p. 33). It also allows time to observe how a child feels at any given time. Further experience indicates that by providing toys such as puppets, toy animals or dressing up clothes, the practitioner provides the child with a means of expression in a safe environment, allowing him/her to detach themselves from an emotional situation. This can also be seen on the DVD material, (The Open University, 2013, b) where the child, an elective mute, used karaoke machines and puppets as a medium of communication. Ensuring safe havens would therefore promote practitioners communication methods with children who place importance on feeling safe. Children often suggest that practitioners could provide security by recognizing bullying as a real problem among pupils (The Open University, 2013, b). Practitioners could therefore prioritise emotional literacy by providing ways of expressing emotions such as placing bully boxes in classrooms. Ensuring equal opportunities between boys and girls would see the practitioner as being fair, which is an important issue during childhood. They could also ensure that every child feels valued at the setting by simply being friendly or by showing care and support for them. This could be done by a simple hand on the shoulder or reciprocating spontaneous hugs (The Open University, 2013, a), however practitioners, especially males, need to be aware of policies and the implications of touch, as contact can be misinterpreted. Actions must therefore always be above any criticism. Nonetheless, allowing a means of safety and ensuring a place where a child feels content can inhibit frustrations and improve a child’s self-esteem. This can only lead to better communication channels with practitioners. Cultural, social, environmental and emotional factors can therefore create barriers and affect children’s communication. Still, as communication is a social construct, the extent to which it is inhibited depends on time and place. Practitioners, through knowledge of vital skills can alleviate these barriers in order to assist children suppress their frustrations and emotions, and develop their communication skills along the way. Simultaneously, practitioners gain an insight into the way they are perceived, allowing them to reflect and become better communicators with the children with whom they work. As already stated therefore, ‘communication is vital for development’ (Crow et al, 2008, p. 11), however it is now clear that it has been, presently is, and will be equally vital to the progress of both children and practitioners in the future.

The Medicinal, Industrial, Recreational, and Commercial Uses of Marijua

The Medicinal, Industrial, Recreational, and Commercial Uses of Marijuana "Penalties against possession of a drug should not be more damaging to the individual than the use of the drug itself" said President Jimmy Carter in a message to Congress in 1977 (Family Council on Drug Awareness). Unfortunately, congress did not and has not listened to him. Even though numerous government-sponsored studies have proven that the use of the cannabis plant is safe and has many benefits, it is still illegal. Cannabis sativa is a flowering plant that has two main variations: marijuana and hemp. Marijuana contains the chemical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which alters the mind when smoked, eaten, drank, or taken in the pill form. It is often called grass, pot, reefer, Mary Jane, herb, weed, or one of over 200 slang terms (National Institute of Drug Abuse). Hemp is bred to have lower THC content so that it does not have mind-altering capabilities. It is often used to make fibers, clothing, oil, ropes, and to aerate the soil in crop rotation. The qualities of both str ains of the cannabis plant are not new discoveries to humankind. In fact, the Chinese first recorded use of marijuana in the year 2727 B.C. (Schleichert 5). People in every inhabited continent legally used marijuana for recreation and medicine for thousands of years. It was not until after the "Reefer Madness" campaign of the 1930s that marijuana became illegal in the United States. The campaign gave exaggerated stories and false information to scare people away from the use of cannabis. Ever since, studies have shown that marijuana is safe and beneficial and activists have pushed for legalization, but governments refuse to legalize it. Instead, they have harsh laws prohibit... ...: Should they be Legalized. New Jersey: Enslow, 1996. Potter, Dr. Beverley and Dan Joy. The Healing Magic of Cannabis. Berkeley: Ronin, 1998. Schleichert, Elizabeth. The Drug Library: Marijuana. New Jersey: Enslow, 1996. Simmons, Michael. Afterword. "The Madness Continues." Reefer Madness. New York: St. Martin's Griffon, 1998. 397-435. Swan, Neil. "Marijuana, Other Drug Use Among Teens Continues to Rise." NIDA Notes. Apr 1995. On-line. Internet. Available WWW: http://165.112.78.61/NIDA_Notes/NNVol10N2/Marijuanateens.html. Woolf, Marie. "Cannabis less harmful than aspirin, says scientist." Independent News 20 Oct 2000. On-line. Internet. 23 Jan 2001. Available WWW: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/UK/Health/2000-10/cannabis201000.shtml. Zimmer, Lynn, Ph.D. and John P. Morgan, M.D. Marijuana Myths, Marijuana Facts. New York: Lindesmith Center, 1997. The Medicinal, Industrial, Recreational, and Commercial Uses of Marijua The Medicinal, Industrial, Recreational, and Commercial Uses of Marijuana "Penalties against possession of a drug should not be more damaging to the individual than the use of the drug itself" said President Jimmy Carter in a message to Congress in 1977 (Family Council on Drug Awareness). Unfortunately, congress did not and has not listened to him. Even though numerous government-sponsored studies have proven that the use of the cannabis plant is safe and has many benefits, it is still illegal. Cannabis sativa is a flowering plant that has two main variations: marijuana and hemp. Marijuana contains the chemical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which alters the mind when smoked, eaten, drank, or taken in the pill form. It is often called grass, pot, reefer, Mary Jane, herb, weed, or one of over 200 slang terms (National Institute of Drug Abuse). Hemp is bred to have lower THC content so that it does not have mind-altering capabilities. It is often used to make fibers, clothing, oil, ropes, and to aerate the soil in crop rotation. The qualities of both str ains of the cannabis plant are not new discoveries to humankind. In fact, the Chinese first recorded use of marijuana in the year 2727 B.C. (Schleichert 5). People in every inhabited continent legally used marijuana for recreation and medicine for thousands of years. It was not until after the "Reefer Madness" campaign of the 1930s that marijuana became illegal in the United States. The campaign gave exaggerated stories and false information to scare people away from the use of cannabis. Ever since, studies have shown that marijuana is safe and beneficial and activists have pushed for legalization, but governments refuse to legalize it. Instead, they have harsh laws prohibit... ...: Should they be Legalized. New Jersey: Enslow, 1996. Potter, Dr. Beverley and Dan Joy. The Healing Magic of Cannabis. Berkeley: Ronin, 1998. Schleichert, Elizabeth. The Drug Library: Marijuana. New Jersey: Enslow, 1996. Simmons, Michael. Afterword. "The Madness Continues." Reefer Madness. New York: St. Martin's Griffon, 1998. 397-435. Swan, Neil. "Marijuana, Other Drug Use Among Teens Continues to Rise." NIDA Notes. Apr 1995. On-line. Internet. Available WWW: http://165.112.78.61/NIDA_Notes/NNVol10N2/Marijuanateens.html. Woolf, Marie. "Cannabis less harmful than aspirin, says scientist." Independent News 20 Oct 2000. On-line. Internet. 23 Jan 2001. Available WWW: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/UK/Health/2000-10/cannabis201000.shtml. Zimmer, Lynn, Ph.D. and John P. Morgan, M.D. Marijuana Myths, Marijuana Facts. New York: Lindesmith Center, 1997.

Natural monopoly Essay

I believe that times change and as they, change rules and regulations must adapt to the times. Therefore, the treatment of the different industries must represent the different industries as they grow. I do not think the Telephone and Broadcast should never have or ever be considered a â€Å"Natural Monopoly†. The concept of natural monopoly presents a challenging public policy dilemma. On the one hand, a natural monopoly implies that efficiency in production would be better served if a single firm supplies the entire market. On the other hand, in the absence of any competition the monopoly holder will be tempted to exploit his natural monopoly power in order to maximize its profits. A â€Å"natural monopoly† is defined in economics as an industry where the fixed cost of the capital goods is so high that it is not profitable for a second firm to enter and compete. There is a â€Å"natural† reason for this industry being a monopoly, namely that the economies of scale require one, rather than several, firms. Small-scale ownership would be less efficient. Natural monopolies are typically utilities such as water, electricity, and natural gas. It would be very costly to build a second set of water and sewerage pipes in a city. Water and gas delivery service has a high fixed cost and a low variable cost. Electricity is now being deregulated, so the generators of electric power can now compete. But the infrastructure, the wires that carry the electricity, usually remain a natural monopoly, and the various companies send their electricity through the same grid. Cable as a â€Å"Natural Monopoly† Nearly every community in the United States allows only a single cable company to operate within its borders. Since the Boulder decision [4] in which the U. S. Supreme Court held that municipalities might be subject to antitrust liability for anticompetitive acts, most cable franchises have been nominally nonexclusive but in fact do operate to preclude all competitors. The legal rationale for municipal regulation is that cable uses city-owned streets and rights-of-way; the economic rationale is the assumption that cable is a â€Å"natural monopoly. † The theory of natural monopoly holds that â€Å"because of structural conditions that exist in certain industries, competition between firms cannot endure; and whenever these conditions exist, it is inevitable that only one firm will survive. † Thus, regulation is necessary to dilute the ill-effects of the monopoly. [5] Those who assert that cable television is a natural monopoly focus on its economies of scale; that is, its large fixed costs whose duplication by multiple companies would be inefficient and wasteful. Thus, competitive entry into the market should be proscribed because it is bound to be destructive. The Competitive Reality 1. A skeptic hearing exhortations that cable television is a natural monopoly that should be locally regulated could have some questions at this point. First, if cable is a natural monopoly, why do we need to guarantee it with a franchise? Economists Bruce Owen and Peter Greenhalgh argue persuasively that given economies of scale, if a cable company â€Å"is responsive and efficient in its pricing and service quality then there will be little incentive for competitors to enter, and no need for an exclusionary franchise policy. â€Å"[9] Thus, if entry restrictions are necessary to arrest competition, the industry by definition is not a natural monopoly. 2. Second, if cable is a natural monopoly, is it necessarily a local monopoly? Some observers use the terms interchangeably, but there is no evidence that economic laws respect municipal boundaries. Given large fixed costs, does it make sense to award a local franchise to one company when another already has facilities in an adjacent community? Yet such â€Å"wasteful duplication,† as the natural monopoly proponents would call it, occurs frequently under the franchise system. Local franchises make no sense in a true natural monopoly setting. 3. These questions, however, go to the heart of natural monopoly theory itself, a doctrine that is under increasing attack. [10] In the face of crumbling conventional wisdom in this area, the burden should be on the natural monopoly proponents to demonstrate that competition is not possible, and further, that regulation is necessary. Such a demonstration will prove impossible in the cable context. Cable is both extremely competitive, facing both direct and indirect market challenges, and, in any event, is better left unregulated. For many decades, economic textbooks have held up the telecommunications industry as the ideal model of natural monopoly. A natural monopoly is said to exist when a single firm is able to control most, if not all, output and prices in a given market due to the enormous entry barriers and economies of scale associated with the industry. More specifically, a market is said to be naturally monopolistic when one firm can serve consumers at lower costs than two or more firms (Spulber 1995: 31). For example, telephone service traditionally has required laying an extensive cable network, constructing numerous calls switching stations, and creating a variety of support services, before service could actually be initiated. Obviously, with such high entry costs, new firms can find it difficult to gain a toehold in the industry. Those problems are compounded by the fact that once a single firm overcomes the initial costs, their average cost of doing business drops rapidly relative to newcomers. The telephone monopoly, however, has been anything but natural. Overlooked in the textbooks is the extent to which federal and state governmental actions throughout this century helped build the AT&T or â€Å"Bell system† monopoly. As Robert Crandall (1991: 41) noted, â€Å"Despite the popular belief that the telephone network is a natural monopoly, the AT&T monopoly survived until the 1980s not because of its naturalness but because of overt government policy. † I hope that the above facts help support my beliefs that these industries should not be considered Natural Monopolies. These companies just executed and had better site than other in the same industry had. Today ATT is just as strong as it ever was. References Benjamin, S. M. , Lichtman, D. G. , Shelanski, H. , & Weiser , P. (2006). FOUNDATIONS. In Telecommunications Law and Policy . (2nd ed. ). (pp. 437 – 469). Durham, NC : Carolina Academic Press. Foldvary, F. E. (1999). Natural Monopolies . The Progress Report. Retrieved January 9, 2012, from http://www. progress. org/fold74. htm Thierer , A. D. (1994). UNNATURAL MONOPOLY: CRITICAL MOMENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BELL SYSTEM MONOPOLY . 14(2).

Social Enterprise Sustainability - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 29 Words: 8735 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Exploring the Social Enterprise Potential for Sustainability in the UK Social enterprise is an active and sustainable business form of choice which is able to bring economic, communal and environmental benefits to the UK. It operates across all sectors of the economy, serving individuals in the private, public and third sectors. Through out this research will identify the increase levels of understanding of the role and value of Social Enterprise, given that a lack of understanding of the role and value of social enterprises was cited as a major barrier to the acceleration of the use of the business model. The purpose of this research will identify the key barriers faced by Social Enterprise and explore how these barriers could potentially be overcome to achieve sustainability. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Social Enterprise Sustainability" essay for you Create order Chapter 1: Introduction A brief overview of social enterprise is introduced in the first chapter. Then, the purpose of the study will be next discussed which will end with a specific research question. In the end of this chapter the contribution of this research is also presented. A Brief Overview of Social Enterprise Social enterprise is a business structure that aims to distribute across a range of economic, social and environmental outputs which refer as Triple bottom line. Within this business structure, anyone can develop a business and considers social and environmental impact as central part objectives. It can bring wealth as well as empowerment to disadvantaged communities which may be otherwise suffering exclusion. Social enterprises are organisations that supply goods and services to communal economy sector. These comprise a collection of organisations that subsist between the traditionally private and public sectors and have a stronger association with the community and non-profit sector. This sector has a key function to take part in achieving many of its goals, including overcoming social injustice and exclusion. Fundamental ethos are most often used by social enterprise organisations themselves, emphasises following three general features: Enterprise oriented like any other business, social enterprise is capable of generating income from production of goods and services to a market. As far as viable trading concerns, they are also able to make surplus from their trading. Social aims they are driven forward by unambiguous social aims. They are capable of creating new employment opportunity, training skills development and provision of local public services. They are responsible to their members and the larger society to increase its effectiveness and financial sustainability with the ultimate goal of creating social, environmental and economic impact or change. Social ownership they are self-governing organisations with an authority and the ownership structures are based on participation by stakeholder groups for example users or clients and local community groups and by trustees. Profits or surplus are disseminated as profit sharing to stakeholders or are used for the benefit of the community. In the United Kingdom, social enterprises are gradually becoming a well-known sector of the local and national economy. The organisation which is operating in this sector is conscious about the most important factor that becoming sustainable businesses is the path to independence both financially and in mission. However, this emerging sector is struggling for further growth and eventually it leads to have impact negatively on their sustainability. Social Enterprise should be supported and encouraged to grow both as a sector and as individual organisations so that these will become more sustainable organisations. Purpose of the Study My paper has been developed to explore how the term social enterprise has acquired meaning in the United Kingdom and to demonstrate how practitioners, policymakers and academics influence each other in the development of new sustainable ideas, given that a lack of understanding of the role and significance of social enterprises was cited as a major barrier to the acceleration of the use of this business model. These challenges come in many forms. Some are the same as those affecting any other business including access to business support and finance, a lack of affordable premises and finding skilled staff. However, social enterprises also face one huge barrier that seriously affects their ability to assume a position within the market. That barrier is a lack of understanding of how social enterprises work and of their potential value. This lack of understanding exists across the public, private and voluntary and community sectors. Often its been very difficult to secure contract and mainstream funding support as there are plenty of confusion surrounding the social enterprise business model. So my dissertation will identify the key barriers faced by Social Enterprise and explore how these barriers could potentially be overcome in order to achieve sustainability. It examines critical incidents that have shaped the meaning of social enterprise in England and reflects on these incidents to draw conclusions about the future sustainable development of social enterprise practice. Through out this paper, I will also study the possible circumstances for the sustainable development of social enterprise. The purpose is to notify both policy-making and the wider argument about social enterprise: what its potential might be and how that potential can be realised in different settings. Structure of the Report: This research is divided into six chapters; the first chapter is an introduction with purpose of the study. In the second chapter, literature based review of definitions of social enterprise, roots of social enterprise, discussion relevant to the sustainability of social enterprise, the nature of their contribution and their sponsors and sources of funding. The third summarises the background information of social enterprise in the UK and the fourth and fifth chapter contain the methodology and the summary of the main findings of the study with implications for policy. Finally, the sixth chapter is giving the idea about possible areas that further research could be conducted with the limitations of the study of this research paper. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter will give an overview of literature and models that are related to the research problem presented in the previous chapter. This chapter will introduce the roots and concepts of social enterprise in order to give a clear idea about the research area. 2.1 Roots of social enterprise Scott specified (2006, p.50) mentioned The roots of social enterprises and community enterprise overall can be found in the mutual, self help and co-operative sector which goes back, in the UK, at least to the Fenwick Weavers in Ayrshire 1769 and Dr William King of Brighton in the 1820s with earlier antecedents. Local community based organisation played vital role within the development of this movement and empowering disadvantaged poor community to move forward labour market. Grass root social worker Harry Cowley campaigned between first and second world war for housing needs and employment opportunity for returning service people and capacity building support for small business. He also advocated job creation programme from the local public service authority for unemployed people and eventually had some success. 2.2 General Discussion on Social Enterprise Social Enterprises combine the requirement of successful businesses with communal aims. They seek to qualify as businesses by setting up a market share and making a profit and draw attention to the long-term benefits for employees, consumers and the community. Todays competitive business world stated that defining the social enterprise is a challenging task. According to OECD (1999, p.9) there is no universal, commonly accepted definition of social enterprise. On the other hand, the OECD (1999, p.10) has described social enterprise as: any private activity conducted in the public interest, organised with an entrepreneurial strategy but whose main purpose is not the maximisation of profit but the accomplishment of certain economic and social goals, and which has a capacity of bringing innovative solutions to the problems of social exclusion and unemployment. Doherty and Thompson (2006, p.362) mentioned in their article that social enterprises are organizations which are seeking business solutions to social crisis. These are needed to be distinguished from other socially-oriented organizations. These also need to take initiatives that can promote to communities but which are not seeking to be businesses. In this esteem, these latter organizations remain dependent on endowments and donations rather than build up true paying customers. According to DTI report A Progress Report on Social Enterprise: A Strategy for Success (2003, p.6), social enterprise is such kind of business which reinvests its surpluses in the business or in the community rather than increases profit for shareholders or owners. Drucker (Gendron, 1996, p.37) argued that social entrepreneurs are those who altered the performance capacity of society but Henton et al. (1997, p.1) mentioned that civic entrepreneurs are a new generation of leaders who built new, powerfully productive connections at the intersection of education, business, community and government. Somers (2005, p.46) stated Social enterprise emphasise creating social and environmental value at all stages of their production process, as an intrinsic part of their identity. Following Figure: 1 describes the production process of social enterprise. Laville and Nyssens (2001, p.325) argue that when the roots of social enterprises are based in reciprocity and in this way these are part of the third system, their force is based in their ability to valve into all three economic principles and systems. They are different from private and public enterprise. In terms of private enterprise they do not only maximize profit to benefit owners, they also develop market activities and generate profits. With the comparison to public enterprise, they are independent from direct control by public authorities but they benefit to a greater or lesser extent from public subsidy. In this way, they mobilize market relations to sell services or goods and use redistributive relations by utilizing government funding to finance their services. Their long-term sustainability depends on their ability to continuously hybridise the three poles of the economy so as to serve the project. 2.3 Discussion Relevant to the Sustainability of Social Enterprise According to Asefa (2005, p.1), Sustainable development is the concept of a relationship between economic growth and the environment. The term was first used in 1987 by the world Commission on Environment and Development .Although the term has been around for almost two decades, different interpretation have kept it from being a useful guide for development policy. Bornstein (2004, p.3) mentioned that over the last decade there has been unprecedented growth of social enterprise world wide. This business model has been getting attention from both government and corporate sector though sustainability remains the major concern. According to 2004 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) report, a survey was conducted of social entrepreneurship activity in the UK. These data suggested that latest social activates are emerging at a faster rate than more conventional, commercial endeavours. Within local and global level there are three areas to focus on sustainability in business activity and they are environment, economy and community. (Harding and Cowling, 2004, p.5) Environment It ensures that business is engaged in the appropriate and careful use of limited supplies and the management of waste so that it will be able to minimize the negative and maximize the positive impact of human activity. Economy It ensures that business is financially viable and it engages in good employment practice. Finally it is beneficial to the whole economy. Social It ensures that business is overall of advantage to communities, their customs and does not cause danger to them. Schulyer (1998, p.3) described that social entrepreneurs are those who have a powerful visualization for social change and who have the strong financial resources to support their ideas. That means they should reveal all the abilities of conquering business people and a compelling aspiration for social change. On the other hand, Catford (1998, p.96) argued that social entrepreneurswill only flourish if they are supported by the right environment, which will be created largely by governments together with the private sector. 2.3.1Financial Sustainability Social Enterprise looks for surplus generation in order to achieve financial sustainability. This is a fundamental need to social enterprises. Emphasizing financial sustainability in addition to profit distribution becomes a way to account for all activities the organization engages in, including advocacy and in support of bono work. Sacrificing one cause and effect chain for another can have significant implications for both the quality of work and social enterprises financial sustainability. Whilst many may rely on combination of grant and trading income, ultimately, if an organisation is not financially sustainable, it cannot deliver its social and environmental impact. Fig3. Shows how the profit of social organisation is distributed to the organization itself and community. 2.4 Policy Reform and Good Governance DTI report A Progress Report on Social Enterprise: A Strategy for Success (2003, p.6) describes the three key goals for government: creating an enabling environment, making social enterprises better businesses and establishing the value of social enterprise. Thompson et al. (2000, p.328) describe people who realize where there is an opportunity to satisfy some unmet need that the state welfare system will not or cannot meet, and who gather together the necessary resources (generally people, often volunteers, money and premises) and use these to make a difference. Brown and Murphy (2003, p.57) mentioned on Bank of England report that Social enterprises, like all businesses, need access to a range of financial products appropriate to their activity and stage of development. A HM Treasury report on Enterpriseand Social Exclusion (1999, p.108) came to the conclusion, arguing that social enterprise was less understood and rarely promoted in a consistent way by the existing infrastructure for business support. It is more constructive to judge and expand social enterprise capabilities rather than expertises and capacity building. The fact that social enterprises need to combine commercial objectives with social mission as well as internal governance means that a capabilities approach is more comprehensive. This is a useful way of recognising factors additional to individual skills that inter-play to determine the effectiveness and impact of a specific enterprise. It also moves away from limited considerations of a key person or group within the organisation, and their specific skills, towards a more holistic view of what the organisation is capable of doing, irrespective of the location of particular skills. Catford (1998, p.97) articulated the problems and gave one probable way out: Traditional welfare-state approaches are in decline globally, and in response new ways of creating healthy and sustainable communities are required. This challenges our social, economic and political systems to respond with new, creative and effective environments that support and reward change. From the evidence available, current examples of social entrepreneurship offer exciting new ways of realizing the potential of individuals and communitiesinto the 21st century. Academic writing about modern social entrepreneurship skills is relatively limited, compared to mainstream business or charities. The concept of social enterprise has been quickly appearing in the public, private and non-profit sectors over the last few years. Todays increased competitive not for profit sector there is extensive needs for the improvement of organisation effectiveness and sustainability even though securing funding is harder to meet the criteria of funding body. There is a good opportunity to tap in to corporate social responsibility programme by utilising better communication and marketing strategy in order to tackle complex social problems. Chapter 3: Background Information of Social Enterprise This chapter will give the idea about the social enterprise in the UK along with the impact, barriers and access to finance. Social Enterprise in the UK The UK government has been at the front position of enabling and encouraging the increase of social enterprises as part of both welfare services delivery and community regeneration at the policy level. The impacts and influence of public, private, and citizen are empirically proven and exhibit that these conventional sectors of society are playing a part in re-evaluating the value creation opportunities offered by market (or quasi-market) mechanisms. DTI research suggested that there are at least 55,000 social enterprises in the UK, and combined turnover of 27billion per year. These social enterprises account for 5% of all businesses with employees and the contribution to GDP is approximately 8.4 billion, around 0.7% of the total economy. Cabinet Office mentioned on their website that in the year 2004-2005, the charity sector in the UK had a overall income of about 27.6 billion which was raised over 800 million from the previous year. It stand for about 2% of the UKs GDP. The data obtained from the Cabinet Office website in social sector showed that, 67% of them expected activity to grow in the next three years compare to 56% in the year 2003-2004 of third sector organisations reported an increase in activity in the previous year. Positive aspects of Social Enterprise: Social enterprise is a diverse activity and can contain a range of organisations working on different extents and at different stages of trading. They can work in commercial markets or in public services. Some work nationally, while others work at community level. They often work in the most deprived areas and work with the most underprivileged groups. Some organisations work only as a social enterprise while in other organisations social enterprise is often a part of their activity. It works in a number of key priority areas for the UK economy- these include: employment and training adult care services childcare and health transport financial enclosure recycling rural enhancement renewable energy and community regeneration According to Doherty and Thompson (2006, p.362) the common characteristics for a Social Enterprise are: They have a social rationale and yields and surpluses are not shared out to shareholders. Reinvested income can be utilized to provide training and improvement opportunities for workers. They use assets and capital to generate community benefit. It gives assurance that resources provide value for money where a public-sector agreement is essential for the activity. Members or employees can also take part in decision making. The SE model could make new structures of entrepreneurship and employment within a society. The enterprise is responsible to both its members and a wider community. Social enterprise can propose goods and services to its consumers in an elastic and inventive way. Often the market has failed or the private sector does not want to go in this area. The potential of earnings and returns stream could unleash organisations from the oppression of fundraising and grant applications. There is either a double or triple-bottom line concept. The assumption is that the most effective social enterprises show signs of healthy financial and social returns rather than high profits in one and lower profits in the other. Social Enterprise adopted enterprising solutions to deal with social and environmental issues following evidence of the beneficiaries of social enterprise activity is shown in Figure.3 (IFF, 2005). According to IFF (2005, p.28), a survey of social enterprises was conducted in 2004 for the Small Business Service (SBS), the UK Government, is showed on the following figure.4. It shows 19% beneficiaries were people with disabilities; 17% were children and young people; 15% were elderly; 12 % were people on low incomes and the unemployed. Social enterprise has been playing vital role to tackle these targeted disadvantaged group and moving forward them in the labour market, predominantly in poor areas with soaring levels of poverty and joblessness. Barriers of social enterprise According to UK Government, there are mainly four significant barriers to accessing appropriate business support and finance for social enterprises throughout the region. 1. Cultural barriers between those setting up social enterprises and mainstream business advisors. 2. Lack of transparency about where to access business support at the local level, largely due to the huge diversity of routes into starting up social enterprises. 3. Limited numbers of qualified technical specialists in key business advice areas where social enterprises require specialist support, for example on legal structure, potential investors or taxation. 4. Limited sources of affordable equity and loan finance of all sizes. Bank of England (2003, p.25), took the survey of Social enterprise and it stated that 32% of social enterprises mentioned the problems in obtaining external finance and 25% problems in getting grants as major barriers to expanding their trading activities. However, other problems are lack of qualified staff (14%); lack of appropriate premises (16%); and lack of cash flow (10%) Low (2006, p.381) cited in his journal according to the source of DTI often have boards of directors or trustees who come from a voluntary sector rather than a business background. This can lead to a lack of business focus and prevent social enterprise from truly reaching their potential The Progress Report on Social Enterprise: A Strategy for Success(2003, p.68) concluded that there is little hard substantiation to show the impact and added value of social enterprise. According to the report, the main reason is that social enterprises generate a variety of social and environmental impacts, beyond their financial return that are difficult to measure. Policy makers, business support providers and finance providers find it difficult to assess the value of targeting social enterprises or of including them in their activities due to lack of information on their social and environmental, as well as financial impact. Access to Finance The key factor in an enterprises development is access to appropriate sources of finance. Social enterprises have been rejected more for finance compared to the SMEs. In addition, a large minority of social enterprises perceive access to external finance as a major barrier to expansion, including some of those that have successfully accessed finance in the past. There is no clear reason to account for the higher rejection rates among social enterprises but possible contributory factors are: lack of obtainable security and private financial stake; use of organisational structures and grant funding streams with which lenders may be unfamiliar, and which may result in lengthy arrangement times; low levels of investment readiness among some social enterprises depends on some elements of credit and behavioural scoring and reputational risk to the lender. For example creating venture philanthropy organisation will ensure long term financing of charities infrastructure, proactive management support and capacity building support. Dees (2004, p.18) mentioned that Businesses fail all the time and many donor-dependent nonprofits have been around for many decades, even centuries. Social entrepreneurs look for the strategy, structure, and funding mechanisms that are most likely to ensure effective and efficient social performance given specific mission objectives and a particular operating environment. Chapter 4: Methodology This chapter will present detailed idea about the research were conducted. This includes the research design, sample selection methods and data collection methods. At the end of this methodology part validity and reliability issues will be discussed to follow the quality standards of the research. 4.1 Research Design The present study endeavoured to explore the sustainability of social enterprise for the development of the UK. Exploratory research is selected as research design as little information exists about the social enterprise of the UK. The aim of exploratory research is mainly to gain enough information before doing more thorough research. Cooper Schindler (2003, p.21) mentioned that we basically start by gathering as much information about the object as possible and with a vague impression of what we should study. Exploratory studies are a valuable means of finding out what is happening, to seek new insight, to ask questions and to assess phenomena in a new light. It is particularly useful if researcher wish to clarify the understanding of a problem. According to Saunders et.al. (2003, p.360), there are three principle ways of conducting exploratory research and these are: a search of the literature, talking to experts in the subject, conducting focus group interviews. Qualitative interviews would be best in achieving and addressing the questions that I am looking forward to address in this dissertation paper. The research requires data that is both rich and varied as I am keen to extract the opinions and insight about practices, insights and expectations of leaders and beneficiaries in the social sector. Adopting this methodology, I will extract this data without limiting the responses of the respondents; I am mostly interested in their innate insights, opinions and organisational beliefs. Anastas (1988, p.19) mentioned that when there are the cases of sensitive subject issue and difficult decision-making procedures, individual in-depth interviews give a far more valuable tool and create a situation where participants would be likely to speak more explicitly and freely. According to Sokolow (1985, p.28) , there are several other advantages of one-to-one in-depth interviewing which include the support of individual thought, respondent thoughtfulness to questions and the offering the capability of the interviewer to sense non-verbal opinion. 4.2 Sampling Cooper and Schindler, (2003, p.44) stated in their book that selecting some of the elements in a population is the fundamental idea of sampling and researcher may draw conclusions about the entire population. There are a number of convincing reasons for sampling, including: lower cost, greater correctness of result, greater speed of data collection and accessibility of population selection. The sample would be randomly selected nationally from Social Enterprise and are actively fund raising. It is easier to make some comparison and a fairer analysis of the data because the similar size of organizations most likely to follow related trends and they are also affected by the same factors. Due to the complexity of the sector, the samples would be drawn from the wider UK region; this is to widen the organisation from which to select the qualifying sample. 4.3 Data Collection The major form of data collection was based on the semi-structured interview process with senior managers, policy officer and research development officer of the 7 selected Social enterprises operating in the UK. The interviews were designed to gain an understanding of Social Enterprises potential sustainability issues and further research needed to achieve sustainability. Therefore, interview procedures needed semi-structured interview process which is relatively informal; relaxed discussion based around a predetermined topic. Whilst conducting a semi-structured interview first of all I provided the background information regards to the research programme and its objectives to the interviewee. My interviews questions are based on open question where the interviewees had the opportunity to express opinions through its discussion. To keep momentum of discussion with the interview it is important to prepare easy to understand approach when building question with a logical sequence. In terview questions were tested among prior to interviews. Semi-structured interview was highlighted by Leech (2002, p.665) as one that can provide detail, depth and insiders perspective, while at the same time allowing hypothesis testing and the quantitative analysis of interview responses. For collecting secondary data participant social Enterprises annual report, various books, websites, newspapers, annual reports, monthly reviews and significant articles were chosen. Also for collection of primary data in-depth interviews with a range of designated professional, related to this field, were taken. I contacted with Business Links and DTI to obtain the list of social enterprise operating in the UK. 4.3.1. Validity Saunders et. al. (2003, p. 109) emphasised validity is concerned with whether the findings are really about what they appear to be about. Validity defined as the extent to which data collection method or methods accurately measure what they were intended to measure. Cooper Schindler (2003, p.71) believe that validity refers to the extent to which a test measures what we actually wish to measure. There are two major forms: external and internal validity. The external validity of research findings refers to the datas ability to be generalized across persons, settings, and times. Internal validity is the ability of a research instrument to measure what is purposed to measure. To ensure the validity of the study numbers of different steps were taken: Data was collected from the reliable sources, from respondents who are more experienced senior management position within Social Enterprise; Survey question were made based on literature review and frame of reference to ensure the validity of the result; Questionnaire has been pre-tested by the responded before starting the survey. Questionnaire was tested by at least ten persons; Data has been collected through four weeks, within this short period of time no major event has been changed with the related topic. 4.3.2 Reliability: To ensure the reliability of the study numbers of different steps were taken: In order that responders could concentrate more on each question questionnaire was divided into three parts; The Ground Theory that has been selected for the study was clearly described and research question has been formulated based on the previous theory. Data has been collected based on the frame of reference that was drawn from the discussed theories. The objective is to make sure that if another investigator will follow the same procedures and used the same questionnaires objects, the same conclusions would be made. Chapter 5: Data Analysis and Implementing the Recommendations This chapter brings the analyzed data according to the survey question which tries to implement the remedial action to solve the problem and finally it highlight the further research to fill in gaps in our understanding on this research paper. 5.1 Data Analysis The semi-structured interview was analysed by applying qualitative data analysis techniques such as Strausss Grounded Theory, a scheme which attempts to ground all concepts and analysis in the data themselves (Strauss, 1987, p.5). Grounded theory as a qualitative research approach provides with strategies to build theories in areas previously unexplored or under explored. Glaser and Strauss (1967, p.1) mentioned We believe that the discovery of theory from data -which we call grounded theory-, is a major task confronting sociology today, for, as we shall try to show, such a theory fits empirical situations, and is understandable to sociologists and layman alike. Most important, it works-provide us with relevant predictions, explanations, interpretations and applications. Corbin Strauss (1990, p.3) also emphasised that Grounded Theorys method provides structure and gives direction to theresearcher. This is an approach for developing theory that is grounded in data systematically gath ered and analyzed. The semi-structured interviews have transcribed accurately and consecutively have analysed according to the constant comparative method. The first step of the analysis is open coding. Data has examined line by line in order to identify the participants descriptions of thought patterns, feelings, and actions related to the themes mentioned in the interviews. The codes have formulated in words closely similar to those used by the participants. Codes have compared to verify their descriptive content and to confirm that they have grounded in the data. In the second step, the codes have sorted into categories. This is done by constant comparisons between categories, codes, and interview protocols. The third step has consisted of fitting together the categories using the constant comparative method. This is resulted in an understanding of Social Enterprise Potential for Sustainability in the UK. Data are collected at later stages in the study in order to add, elaborate, and saturate codes and categories. In practice, the steps of analysis are not strictly sequential. Rather, I need to move forward and backward constantly to re-examine the data, codes, categories, and the whole model. 5.2 Summary outline of the Seven Organisational Case Studies During the research, seven organisations were randomly selected from Social Enterprise Coalition Directory and Social Enterprise London (SEL) which represent broad range of social enterprise with diverse activities. Birmingham Settlement (Company ID: A) is a care service provider which is located in Birmingham. Computer Aid International (Company ID: B) generates their revenue from low cost computer sale, based in London. DHIVERSE (Company ID: C) is involved with health care and it is based in Cambridge. Orient Regeneration (Company ID: D) is a London based social enterprise that generates income through training and rental. Sustainable Wales (Company ID: E) was established in 1997, based in Wales and their core income comes from consultancy, training facilitation service. Training For Life (Company ID: F) is another London based social enterprise which provide training and employment support toward disadvantaged community. Community Innovation (Company ID: G) provides low cost IT i nfrastructure services and work placement for Black Ethnic Minority to IT industry. Between these organizations, one of the categories named Human Resource Operation and number of employee allocated as a code. Study shows from the following table that al together participant organisation directly employed about 557 numbers of employees in 2007 compare to in year 2006 was 341 numbers of employees and in year 2005 was 267 numbers of employees. Total numbers of employees shows the gradual increment which indicates the sign of growth of relevant social enterprise organisation. Another category named Income Expenditures and total income and total expenditure was allocated as a code. Study shows from the following table that in year 2005 participant organisations al together total income was 8,747,995 in compare to 2006 was 9,316729 and in year was 9,719919. Their expenditure was in year 2005 was 8274945 in compare to year 2006 was 9,232,753 and 8860748 in year 2007. These social enterprise income generation has diverse range of sources, for example ongoing trading, loca l authorities service delivery contracts or engagement with public procurement as well as funding stream from central government and its associate agencies, UK and European regeneration funds, grants from charitable trust, commercial banks loan and income from other public and charitable finance providers. Access to finance is vital for organisation development and sustainability and independence. 5.3 Highlights of the Interviewees Comments: Whilst highlighting on organisations experience on access to finance issue, Mr. (H), Project development manager of Company (A), a care service provider social enterprise which is located in Birmingham mentioned his idea for setting up more Venture Capital fund. In his opinion, there is a shortage of long-term financial strategy for social enterprise. Lack of finance makes it difficult to grow and develop new ideas. He recommended an organisation with a viable business plan may apply to Venture Capital fund for 200,000 to 500,000 to grow their business and increased activities. This capital will help to train more staff and better infrastructure development to provide new services with extra resources. Mr. (I), Policy Development Officer of Company (B), generates their revenue from low cost computer sale, based in London, mentioned that they operate nationally and internationally, on day to day basis they had to operate within the legislation process in the UK and whilst abroad according to the relevant countrys rules and regulation. It often makes obstacle when delivering computers to development country as there are massive complex administrative barriers. Social Enterprises are still mistakenly seen as a Non Government Aid Agency only, rather than viable community business in developing country. But in the UK, they are still struggling to maintain financial steady growth. Lack of skilled employee and not having continuous funding stream make it difficult to run specific project in certain local area for long run and force them to make the project short like yearly basis rather than the long term basis. Ms. (J), Senior Development Manager of Company (C), is involved with health care and it is based in Cambridge, elaborated the impact of social enterprises but also reminded that social enterprise itself will not able to reduce social problem locally or nationally unless it develop new meaning full partnership and searching for partners that match their company objective and values. Instead of just acting as low cost compliant, there need to develop long-term partnership in delivering public services. Mr. (K), Project Officer of Company (D) is a London based social enterprise that generates income through Training and rental highlighted that there has been a lack of tailor made enterprise solution. He complained about duplication of services from the supporting agencies. Tailor made enterprise solution is such a helpful guide line that smaller organisations do not necessary need to compile business strategy like a large scale social enterprise. Every social enterprise organisation has its unique business needs and similarly deserves the solution it requires to become sustainable. Organisation can grow with right leadership skills among senior management as they are the decision maker. He also mentioned the sustainable term which is still complex within this not for profit sector, depending on funding or subsidy will not make the organisation sustainable. Income generation is lot harder than regular business. Mr. (L), Business Development manger of Company (E) was established in 1997, based in Wales and their core income comes from consultancy, training facilitation service. He mentioned sustainability awareness is not as satisfactory as it should be within the sector. He evidenced sustainability is nice terminology whilst making project report or funding application, but actually its hard to predict and hard to measure. There need a further guideline from academics or government agency to clear out the misconception on sustainability. He mentioned that his colleagues only know the general definition and still unaware of its practical implementation of it. Additionally he illustrated that only financial access would not be the remedial approach to achieve sustainability. Mrs. (M), Project Co-ordinator of Company (F) which provides training and employment support toward disadvantaged community, mentioned that there are lot of frustrations among social enterprise senior management. She felt that there is plenty of talk from the government but actual proper help are not provided by them. She also mentioned the bigger the organisation, the more survival ratio for the sustainability. Smaller organisation like her, struggle to survive due to recent credit crunch and higher risk associate with smaller new organisation even though possession with innovative ideas to deliver better services. She said that they have to deal with it and also mentioned still there is a huge lack of awareness what actually social enterprises dose for the economy. Mr.(N), Project Director of Company (G) which provides low cost IT infrastructure services and work placement for Black Ethnic Minority to IT industry, explained sustainability awareness encouraged their team to grow further. They are blessed by the local business support agencies that are provided through local authority regeneration scheme. In recent year there has been local 6 billion regeneration in white city area; managed by Westfield. They had the opportunity to develop employment supporting partnership and eventually they have been helping 129 local Black Ethnic Minority unemployed to move them forward to labour market. The sustainable development plan made their organisation more optimistic to engage with other public service deliver agency in order to develop long term partnership. Remedial Action to Solve the Problem After conducting semi structured interview session with seven separate social enterprise based in thorough out the UK region, I have summarised the remedial action to achieve sustainability. During the survey, the following recommended remedial actions were discussed with the senior management and the policy development officers who were involved in those selected social enterprises. Awareness on sustainability and skills development During this research, it was identified that awareness on sustainability is the key issue among senior managers and policy or strategy makers. Survey showed encouraging staff to learn more about sustainability made significant difference within the organisation. So it would be remedial strategy for any new and established social enterprise to engage its human resources to know more about the impact of sustainability development and involve them in the sustainability strategy development. It was identified through face to face semi structured interview session is that raising the skills standard of its existence staff member is the vital key to move forward and securing growth. There are growing number of demand for skills development and lack of resources and finance act as major obstructed barrier. More resources and financial support required to develop marketing, financial management and the effective implementation of ICT. It was discussed among managers and policy maker during this research that still there are lack of public awareness as well as public governing body and financial institution. It is tremendous difficult situation for a start-up social enterprise to get the message across in regards to the benefit of social enterprise. They need the right campaign to increase the understanding level of public awareness. Social enterprise support agency may play vital role in order to promote better networking and providing skilled advice through increased number of skilful experienced adviser. 5.4.2 Infrastructural support and legislation support: Social enterprise needed business infrastructure development support and further assessment needed to continue its trading. It has been experienced through out the report that small start up social enterprises are operating in uncertain business where basic requirements having affordable business premises is really essential and they are struggling finding premises. Local authority or private sector may help out by creating more purpose built premises and workspace to house social enterprises. Social enterprises also have support needs that are distinctive from small privately owned firms, associated with their ownership and decision making structures. They face all the regulatory issues that affect other small firms; for example working time, minimum wage legislation, as well as additional ones that are associated with their status, such as legal issues associated with specific forms of incorporation. 5.4.3Better Access to finance Access to finance is an essential element for any Social enterprise. Social Enterprise requires better access to finance to fulfil long-term sustainability. Corporate and Government body need to create a business environment for social enterprises so that they can achieve financial access. Specifically start-up social enterprises require further assistance to survive for long term and they also require long-term funding strategies. Multi agencys business development support needed to establish long-term financial strategy to nurture the growth development social enterprise. Whilst conducting face to face semi structured survey of this report there were numbers of proposal in terms of better access to finance. It was pointed that there is substantial need for wider range of understanding and standardization of social return on investment where investor can receive the true measurable added social value from investing in a social enterprise Future research needed to bring the mew changes in the financial market for social enterprise. Equity or quasi-equity finance can be developed for both the supply and demand for risk capital. Also creating social investment bank to capitalise intermediaries, and leveraging private finance. Creating a social stock exchange, to provide an exit strategy for social investors 5.4.4Measuring social return Measuring specific social return is a challenging task for social enterprise. Its complex issue and needed further research to measure social return through social outcome audit approach. In order to convince social investor and venture philanthropy it is very essential to define social outcome on social enterprises annual report or progress report. There are numbers of ways to illustrate social out come for example specific case studies might show how their activities made empowered disadvantaged group living in deprived area, achievement stories to encourage others to follow though. Social audit can be done by independent governing body to endorse the organisations fulfilment of social objective. Funders often allocate grant to achieve certain target driven project. There needs to be developed realistic social outcome measurement tool to define social objective of the organisation. 5.4.5Human Resource Development Human resource development through training and skills build up is essential to survive in a long term period. Knowledge base training material will guide through existence and prospective staff members. Funders need to allocate budget for innovative skills development in order to effectiveness operation of the organisation. Existing experienced social enterprise skilled business adviser has a key role to guide any start up social enterprise. There are many skilled marginalised communities such as refugee and asylum communities, local economy can utilise their skills to develop local enterprise. During the survey, there two specific social enterprise who particularly provide training and skills development for disadvantaged people living in deprived area and raise concern on sustainable financial strategy due to lack of skilled senior business development manager. Senior skilled business development managers are not attracted to work for social enterprise due to numbers of reason: lo w salary, high risk, job uncertainty and career progression. There needs to be external support from the government body or supporting agency to deal with high risk assessment of business progression as well as training need analysis strategy to implement right set of skills to be allocated in right organisational operation. 5.4.6New Models for Sustainability Social enterprise has been going through enormous challenges to survive in a long period of time. Enthusiastic social entrepreneur are looking forward to work on new dimension for sustainability. A new social enterprise business models could be built upon a size where it is possible to generate sufficient surplus to cover both direct and indirect business operation costs and on the top of the incremental charges that are rationale of the social mission. Currently the vast numbers of existing social enterprises are struggling to generate adequate net income. In addition to this, it is also complicated for them to develop steady, ongoing funding sources to subsidize the deficit. As most of the social enterprise is tackling social or environmental issue at the same time empowering local disadvantaged living in deprived areas, it is challenging to keep going the organisation within its own income generation often lead to deficit. In order to provide ongoing funding support to make the or ganisation sustainable, further consideration is needed from donor agency and government. It requires better communication and education process between funders and social enterprise as there is financial risk may disrupt the operation of the social enterprise. Chapter Six: Conclusion This chapter summarizes the whole dissertation with giving the idea about possible areas that further research could be conducted and it concludes with the limitation of the study. The core of this report is to identify the social enterprises sustainability refer as capability to continue its social, economical and environmental objective related performance for a comparatively extended time period. This research paper present a comprehensive study in regards to social enterprise that takes many forms and serves a variety of prepossesses. Different hypothetical and appropriate sustainable study would help to grasp a fuller understanding of social enterprise. Organisational identity theory is one framework that can be helpful for understanding the different types of social enterprise and their implications for organisational form, financing of services, management practices such as outsourcing and strategic collaborations, and framing of public policy issues. Studying the variants of social enterprise can put into perspective how social objectives can be achieved in different ways, through the market place and non-profit and for profit organisations. Future rese arch should be more precise about sustainable social enterprise and help clarify how different forms of each, operating in different cultural and economic contexts, can contribute to the solution of social issues and problems. Social enterprises help those traditionally disadvantaged people in the labour market, by providing opportunities and delivering better services to deprived or excluded communities. Therefore, support for social enterprises is the key element of sustainable approach towards creating opportunities for economically excluded individuals and communities. Sustainability will progress through market experience, policy for future, extensive research, economic analysis and technological advancements. However there is a significant need for further research; there needs to be framework where engaging government body, social enterprise organisations and academics to continue the development work of the social enterprises sustainability. Eventually this teamwork will contribute through advising on the development of analytical sustainability indicators for measurement of growth, monitoring evaluation and also providing recommendations for improvement of the sustainability principles and its implementation framework. During conducting the research, I came across certain limitations and among them the foremost one is time constrain. The interviewed person could not provide all necessary information due to lack of time. The research timeline also reveals that time constrain was actually a barrier as there was plenty to find about this research topic. A huge portion of the report is based on primary data collected through interviews which is very lengthy process. Becker Bryman (2004, p.273) mentioned that semi structure interviews are very challenging. There are number of factors are very important whilst conducting the semi structured interviews, it require good listening, well communication, realistic approach with social analytical skills. These interview processes are very time consuming to conduct. I would also like to recommend a specific focus based study on assessment of sustainability. Therefore a more focused approach is necessary that a large scale study of all social enterprises would be unmanageable and costly. As such any assessments of sustainability of social enterprise will necessarily involve estimates. During this research, I was unconvinced that it is possible or necessary even to estimate impacts according to different types of social enterprise. In practice, there is a considerable range of social enterprise with different legal model that identify their specific objectives. Some social enterprises are multi-dimensional in their activities, making comparison across different types of enterprise problematic. At the end, I would like to refer Soule (1952, p.42) who emphasised on Adam Smiths perception on social gain issue by using an interesting example when a business man offers a product in a competitive market place- he intends only his own gain, .led by an invisible hand to promote an end which is no part of his intentionBy pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. This paper shows there is a good motivation to be enthusiastic about the future of social enterprise. Social Enterprise model is still in its very early stages of development and further research will bring sustained innovation and increasingly optimistic social and financial outcomes to achieve potential sustainability. References: Anastas, M., 1988. For sensitive research studies, one-to-one interviews work best. Bank Marketing, 20(7), pp.18-22. Asefa, Sisay, 2005. The Economics of Sustainable Development. Michigan: W.E. Upjohn Institute. Bank of England, 2003. The Financing of Social Enterprises: A Special Report by the Bank of England, London: Park Communications Ltd. Becker, Saul Bryman, Alan, 2004. Understanding Research for Social Policy and Practice : Themes, Methods and Approaches . Bristol: Policy Press. Bornstein, D., 2004. How To Change The World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Catford, John, 1998 Social entrepreneurs are vital for health promotion but they need supportive environments too. Health Promotion International, 13(2), pp. 95-97. Cato, Molly Scott, 2006. Market, Schmarket: Building the Post-Capitalist Society, Cheltenham:New Clarion Press. Cooper, D. R., Schindler, P. S., 2003. Business research methods. 8th ed. London: McGraw Hill. Corbin, J. Strauss, A.,1990. Grounded theory method: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 13, pp.3-21. Dees, J. Gregory, 2004. Generating and Sustaining Nonprofit Earned Income A Guide to Successful Enterprise Strategies, Putting Non-profit Business Ventures in Perspective John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Department of Trade and Industry, 2003. A Progress Report on Social Enterprise: a Strategy for Success Department of Trade and Industry, London: DTI. Doherty, Bob Thompson, John, 2006. The diverse world of social enterprise: A collection of social enterprise stories. International Journal of Social Economics, 33(5/6), pp.361-375. Gendron, George, 1996. Flashes of genuis: interview with Peter Drucker. Inc., 18, (7), pp. 30-37. Glaser, Barney G. Strauss, Anselm L.,1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine Transaction. Harding, Rebecca, 2004. Social Enterprise: The New Economy Engine. Business Strategy Review, 15(4), pp. 39-43. Harding, R. Cowling, M., 2004. Social Entrepreneurship Monitor: United Kingdom 2004. London: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Henton, Douglas, Melville, John Walesh, Kimberly,1997.The age of the civic entrepreneur: restoring civil society and building economic community. National Civic Review, 86(2), pp, 149-156. HM Treasury, 1999. Enterprise and Social Exclusion, National Strategy for Neighbourhood Renewal: Policy Action Team 3. London: HM Treasury, pp.1-152 HM Treasury and Cabinet Office, 2006. The Future Role of the Third Sector in Social and Economic Regeneration: Interim Report, HM Treasury, December 2006 ed. London: Stationary Office, pp. 1-72. Laville, J. L. Nyssens, M. ,2001. Towards a theoretical socio-economic approach, in Borzaga, C. and Defourny, J. (eds), The Emergence of Social Enterprise, Great Britain: Routledge. Leech, Beth L.,2002. Asking Questions: Techniques for Semistructured Interviews. PS: Political Science and Politics. 35(4), pp.665-668 Low, Chris,2006. A framework for the governance for social enterprise. International Journal of Social Economics, 33(5/6), pp.376-385 OECD, 1999. Social Enterprises, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Paris:OECD Publications. Office of the Third Sector, 2006a. Social Enterprise Action Plan: Scaling New Heights, London: The Cabinet Office. Saunders M., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A., 2003. Research Methods for Business Students. 3rd ed, Essex: Prentice Hall. Saunders, Mark N. K. Thornhill Adrian, 2003. Organisational justice, trust and the management of change: An exploration , Personnel Review,32(3), pp. 360-375. SBS, 2005. A Survey of Social Enterprise Across the UK, London: IFF Research. Schuyler, Gwyer , 1998. Social entrepreneurship: profit as a means, not an end in Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership Clearinghouse on Entrepreneurial Education (CELCEE). Sokolow, H.1985. In-depth Interviews Increasing in Importance. Marketing News, 19(19), pp.26-31 Somers, A.B., 2005. Shaping the balanced scorecard for use in UK social enterprises. Social Enterprise Journal, 1(1), pp.43-56. Strauss, A. 1987. Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Thompson, John, Alvy, Geoff Lees, Ann , 2000. Social Entrepreneurship A New Look at the People and Potential. Management Decision, 38(5), pp.328-338.